cupio

See also: 𐌂𐌖𐌐𐌉𐌏

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *kupjō. According to the LIV, from Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kup-yé-ti, from *kwep- (“to smoke, boil, move violently”). If this theory is accepted, the term has an exact parallel in Sanskrit कुप्यति (kupyati, “to become agitated, bubble up”).^[1] De Vaan, however, explains the word as a derivative of an athematic i-present *kup-i- of the same root.^[2] Schrijver, who also adopts the i-present explanation, suggests that the full-grade of the suffix of this i-present (e.g. a form of the shape *kup-ey-) could explain the forms with the long vowel ī, such as cupīvī. Schrijver does, however, also mention a possible alternative explanation—that the perfect form was created analogically after fourth conjugation terms such as audīvī.^[3] Weiss alternatively suggests that perfect forms in -īvī spread across verbs with similar semantics, all pertaining to the notion of "seeking." For instance, compare arcessō (“to summon, invite”), arcessīvī; petō (“to ask, beg”), petīvī; and quaerō (“to search”), quaesīvī.^[4] Cognate with Lithuanian kūpėti (“to boil over”) and Old Church Slavonic кꙑпѣти (kypěti, “to boil”).

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈkʊ.pi.oː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈkuː.pi.o]

Verb

cupiō (present infinitive cupere, perfect active cupīvī or cupiī, supine cupītum); third (-iō variant) conjugation

to desire, long for
Synonyms: requīrō, affectō, aveō, quaerō, studeō, concupiō, indigeō, petō, sitiō, expetō, circumspiciō, spectō, voveō, appetō

Antonyms: āversor, abhorreō
- 161 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Eunuchus 812–813:
  Nōvī ingenium mulierum: / nōlunt ubi vēlīs, ubi nolīs cupiunt ultrō.
  I know the ways of women: they are unwilling when you want [it]; [and] when you are unwilling, they desire [it] wantonly.
to please, favor, be well disposed towards (someone, something)
Quod cupiō mēcum est. Inopem mē cōpia fēcit.
What I desire is with me: Abundance made me destitute.
- Cupio omnia quaevis.
  Your wishes are mine.
  (literally, “I favor whatever you want.”)

Conjugation

Conjugation of cupiō (third (-iō variant) conjugation)

indicative		singular				plural
indicative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	cupiō	cupis		cupit	cupimus	cupitis		cupiunt
	imperfect	cupiēbam	cupiēbās		cupiēbat	cupiēbāmus	cupiēbātis		cupiēbant
	future	cupiam	cupiēs		cupiet	cupiēmus	cupiētis		cupient
	perfect	cupīvī, cupiī	cupīvistī, cupīstī, cupiistī¹		cupīvit, cupīt, cupiit¹	cupīvimus, cupīmus, cupiimus¹	cupīvistis, cupīstis, cupiistis¹		cupīvērunt, cupīrunt, cupīvēre, cupiērunt, cupiēre¹
	pluperfect	cupīveram, cupīram, cupieram¹	cupīverās, cupīrās, cupierās¹		cupīverat, cupīrat, cupierat¹	cupīverāmus, cupīrāmus, cupierāmus¹	cupīverātis, cupīrātis, cupierātis¹		cupīverant, cupīrant, cupierant¹
	future perfect	cupīverō, cupīrō, cupierō¹	cupīveris, cupīris, cupieris¹		cupīverit, cupīrit, cupierit¹	cupīverimus, cupīrimus, cupierimus¹	cupīveritis, cupīritis, cupieritis¹		cupīverint, cupīrint, cupierint¹
passive	present	cupior	cuperis, cupere		cupitur	cupimur	cupiminī		cupiuntur
	imperfect	cupiēbar	cupiēbāris, cupiēbāre		cupiēbātur	cupiēbāmur	cupiēbāminī		cupiēbantur
	future	cupiar	cupiēris, cupiēre		cupiētur	cupiēmur	cupiēminī		cupientur
	perfect	cupītus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	cupītus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	cupītus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular				plural
subjunctive		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	cupiam	cupiās		cupiat	cupiāmus	cupiātis		cupiant
	imperfect	cuperem	cuperēs		cuperet	cuperēmus	cuperētis		cuperent
	perfect	cupīverim, cupīrim, cupierim¹	cupīverīs, cupīrīs, cupierīs¹		cupīverit, cupīrit, cupierit¹	cupīverīmus, cupīrīmus, cupierīmus¹	cupīverītis, cupīrītis, cupierītis¹		cupīverint, cupīrint, cupierint¹
	pluperfect	cupīvissem, cupīssem, cupiissem¹	cupīvissēs, cupīssēs, cupiissēs¹		cupīvisset, cupīsset, cupiisset¹	cupīvissēmus, cupīssēmus, cupiissēmus¹	cupīvissētis, cupīssētis, cupiissētis¹		cupīvissent, cupīssent, cupiissent¹
passive	present	cupiar	cupiāris, cupiāre		cupiātur	cupiāmur	cupiāminī		cupiantur
	imperfect	cuperer	cuperēris, cuperēre		cuperētur	cuperēmur	cuperēminī		cuperentur
	perfect	cupītus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	cupītus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular				plural
imperative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	—	cupe		—	—	cupite		—
active	future	—	cupitō		cupitō	—	cupitōte		cupiuntō
passive	present	—	cupere		—	—	cupiminī		—
passive	future	—	cupitor		cupitor	—	—		cupiuntor
non-finite forms		infinitive				participle
non-finite forms		active		passive		active		passive
present		cupere		cupī		cupiēns		—
future		cupītūrum esse		cupītum īrī		cupītūrus		cupiendus, cupiundus
perfect		cupīvisse, cupīsse, cupiisse¹		cupītum esse		—		cupītus
future perfect		—		cupītum fore		—		—
perfect potential		cupītūrum fuisse		—		—		—
verbal nouns		gerund					supine
		genitive	dative		accusative	ablative	accusative		ablative
		cupiendī	cupiendō		cupiendum	cupiendō	cupītum		cupītū

¹At least one rare poetic syncopated perfect form is attested.

Derived terms

Descendants

Sardinian: cubere
Walloon: keûre
→ Italian: cupere
→⇒ English: cupiosexual

Reflexes of the Late Latin variant cupīre:

Franco-Provençal: kvi, kevi
Old French: covir
- Norman: couvir
Old Occitan: cobir
>? Sardinian: cubire

Reflexes of the Late Latin variant cupiscere:

Franc-Comtois: quevatre

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*keu̯p-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 359
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “cupiō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 155
^ Schrijver, Peter (2003), “Athematic i-Presents: The Italic and celtic Evidence”, in Incontri linguistici, volume 26, page 74 of 59-86
^ Weiss, Michael L. (2009), Outline of the Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin‎^[1], Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press, →ISBN, page 442

Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002), “cŭpĕre”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 2: C Q K, page 1551