malum

English

Etymology 1

From Latin malum.

Pronunciation

• enPR: mälʹəm, IPA^(key): /ˈmæ.ləm/

Noun

malum (plural malums)

1. (formal) An evil or wrongdoing.

Related terms

• mal
• malus
• malum in se
• malum prohibitum

References

• “malum”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin Eli Smith, editors (1895–1910), “malum”, in The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

Etymology 2

Related to Arabic مُعَلِّم (muʕallim, “teacher”).

Noun

malum (plural malums)

1. (India, nautical, historical) The mate serving on a ship with English officers and native crew.

Alternative forms

• malumi

References

• Henry Yule; A[rthur] C[oke] Burnell (1903), “malum”, in William Crooke, editor, Hobson-Jobson […] , London: John Murray, […].

Anagrams

• Mulam

Latin

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *(s)mel-?

Proto-Italic *malos

Latin malus

Latin malum

From malus (“evil, wicked”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈma.ɫũː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈmaː.lum]

Adjective

malum

1. inflection of malus:
   1. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular
   2. accusative masculine singular

Noun

malum n (genitive malī); second declension

2. evil, adversity, hardship, misfortune, calamity, disaster, mischief

   Synonyms: plāga, īnfortūnium, calamitās, cāsus, cruciātus, miseria, vulnus, nūbēs, pestis

3. punishment, harm, injury, torment, misery

   Synonyms: cruciātus, pūnītiō, mercēs, poena, supplicium, vindicātiō, vindicta, animadversus, exemplum, sānctiō, pretium, noxa

   • 8 CE – 12 CE, Ovidius, Tristia 1.40:

     nūbila sunt subitīs tempora nostra malīs

     my days are clouded by sudden miseries

4. disease, illness, infirmity

   Synonyms: aegritūdō, morbus, pestis, valētūdō, labor, infirmitas, incommodum

   Antonyms: salūs, valētūdō

5. wrong-doing

   Synonyms: culpa, dēlīctum, peccātum, scelus, vitium, noxa, crīmen, facinus, iniūria, error, dēlinquentia, maleficium

   Antonyms: bonum, rēctum, virtūs

6. (in the plural) bad words

Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

	singular	plural
nominative	malum	mala
genitive	malī	malōrum
dative	malō	malīs
accusative	malum	mala
ablative	malō	malīs
vocative	malum	mala

Descendants

• French: mal
• Italian: malo
• Spanish: malo
• → English: malum

Interjection

malum

1. damn!, fuck!, alas!, misery!
   • c. 200 BCE, Plautus, Menaechmi 2.3.389.390:

     Erotium: Certo, tibi et parasito tuo.
     Sosicles: Quoi, malum, parasito? Certo haec mulier non sana est satis.

     Certainly you did, for yourself and your parasite."
     "For whom? Fuck, parasite? Surely this woman isn't quite right in her senses.

Related terms

• malē
• malus

Etymology 2

māla rubra (red apples)

Perhaps borrowed from Doric Greek μᾶλον (mâlon, “apple”). Alternatively but less likely from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂lom. The Proto-Indo-European form regularly gives both mālum in Latin and μῆλον in Ancient Greek, but such reconstruction is dubious due to the fact that it is only found in some Indo-European languages. It is more likely that the Greek word was borrowed from a pre-Indo-European substratum and later borrowed into Latin. See μῆλον for more details.

Alternative forms

• mēlum (Late Latin)

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈmaː.ɫũː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈmaː.lum]

Noun

mālum n (genitive mālī); second declension

2. apple (fruit)
3. any tree fruit with a fleshy exterior, e.g. quinces, pears, peaches, etc.
4. the plant Aristolochia

Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

	singular	plural
nominative	mālum	māla
genitive	mālī	mālōrum
dative	mālō	mālīs
accusative	mālum	māla
ablative	mālō	mālīs
vocative	mālum	māla

Derived terms

• mālum discordiae
• mālum pūnicum

Related terms

• mālus
• mēlum
• mēlō
• mēlopepō

Descendants

• Aromanian: mer, meru
• Friulian: mêl, miluç
• Italian: mela, ⇒ maliforme
• Neapolitan: mìlo, méla
• Romanian: măr
• Romansh: mail
• Spanish: mela

References

• “malum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “malum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• malum in Dizionario Latino, Olivetti
• "malum", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “malum”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • (ambiguous) to be broken down by misfortune: in malis iacere
    
  • (ambiguous) to be hard pressed by misfortune: malis urgeri
    
  • (ambiguous) to deserve ill of a person; to treat badly: male mereri de aliquo
    
  • (ambiguous) to have a good or bad reputation, be spoken well, ill of: bene, male audire (ab aliquo)
    
  • (ambiguous) to have a good or bad reputation, be spoken well, ill of: bona, mala existimatio est de aliquo
    
  • (ambiguous) to inculcate good (bad) principles: bene (male) praecipere alicui
    
  • (ambiguous) moral science; ethics: philosophia, in qua de bonis rebus et malis, deque hominum vita et moribus disputatur
    
  • (ambiguous) my mind forebodes misfortune: animus praesāgit malum
    
  • (ambiguous) my mind forebodes misfortune: animo praesagio malum
    
  • (ambiguous) a guilty conscience: conscientia mala or peccatorum, culpae, sceleris, delicti
    
  • (ambiguous) a guilty conscience: animus male sibi conscius
    
  • (ambiguous) to be tormented by remorse: conscientia mala angi, excruciari
    
  • (ambiguous) a moral (immoral) man: homo bene (male) moratus
    
  • (ambiguous) to bless (curse) a person: precari alicui bene (male) or omnia bona (mala), salutem
    
  • (ambiguous) to manage one's affairs, household, property well or ill: rem bene (male) gerere (vid. sect. XVI. 10a)
    
  • (ambiguous) from beginning to end: ab ovo usque ad mala (proverb.)
    
  • (ambiguous) to buy dearly: magno or male emere
    
  • (ambiguous) to win, lose a fight (of the commander): rem (bene, male) gerere (vid. sect. XII. 2, note rem gerere...)
    
  • (ambiguous) I am sorry to hear..: male (opp. bene) narras (de)
    

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish معلوم (ma'lum), from Arabic مَعْلُوم (maʕlūm).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /maː.ˈlum/
• Hyphenation: ma‧lum

Adjective

malum

1. known, certain

   Synonym: bilinen

   Antonym: meçhul

2. certain, obvious

   Synonyms: belli, belirli

3. (algebra, obsolete) known

Adverb

malum

1. as you know

Noun

malum (definite accusative malumu, plural malumlar)

1. (grammar, obsolete) active voice

Derived terms

• malumat

Related terms

Turkish terms derived from the Arabic root ع ل م (0 c, 14 e)

Further reading

• “malum”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
• Ayverdi, İlhan (2010), “malum”, in Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük, a reviewed and expanded single-volume edition, Istanbul: Kubbealtı Neşriyatı
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “malum”, in Nişanyan Sözlük