Toka

 

Ash na itace

 

Ash (ƙura ko toka) shi ne ragowar abu mai ƙarfi da ya rage bayan wani abu ya ƙone (ya kone). Musamman, ash na nufin duk wani abu da bai kasance ruwa ba ko iska (gas) da ya rage bayan an ƙona wani abu. A cikin kimiyyar nazarin abubuwa (analytical chemistry), don a tantance sinadaran ƙasa da ƙarfe da ke cikin samfurin kimiyya, ash shi ne ragowar abu wanda bai kasance ruwa ko iska ba, bayan an ƙona samfurin gaba ɗaya.

Ashes a matsayin samfurin ƙarshe mai ƙonewa mara cikakke galibi ma'adanai ne, amma yawanci har yanzu suna ƙunshe da adadin kwayoyin halitta ko wasu raguwa mai narkewa. Mafi sanannun nau'in toka shine toka na itace, a matsayin samfurin konewar itace a cikin wuta, wuraren wuta, da dai sauransu. Da duhu shine toka na katako, mafi girman abun da ke cikin gawayi daga konewa mara cikakke. Yankin yana da nau'o'i daban-daban. Wasu toka suna dauke da mahadi na halitta wanda ke sa ƙasa ta zama mai ni'ima. Sauran suna da sinadarai waɗanda zasu iya zama masu guba amma suna iya fashewa a cikin ƙasa daga canje-canjen sinadarai da aikin microorganism.

Kamar sabulu, ash kuma wakili ne na kashe cututtuka (alkaline). Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da shawarar toka ko yashi a matsayin madadin wanke hannu lokacin da sabulu ba ta samuwa. Kafin masana'antu, toka da aka tsoma cikin ruwa shine babbar hanyar samun potash.  

Abubuwan da suka faru na halitta

Ash yana faruwa ne ta hanyar halitta daga duk wani wuta da ke ƙone ciyayi, kuma yana iya warwatsewa a cikin ƙasa don shayar da shi, ko kuma ya taru a ƙarƙashinsa na tsawon lokaci don ya zama carbonise cikin kwal.

Rubuce-rubuce

Abinda ke cikin toka ya bambanta dangane da samfurin da aka ƙone da asalinsa. "Abubuwan da ke ciki" ko "ma'adanai" na samfurin an samo shi ne a ƙone shi a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi daga 150 °C (302 °F) ° C (302 ° F) zuwa 900 °C (1,650 °F) ° C (1,650 ° F).

Itace da shuke-shuke

Abinda ke cikin toka da aka samo daga itace da sauran kwayoyin shuke-shuke ya bambanta bisa ga nau'ikan shuke-huke, sassan shuke-tsuke (kamar bark, akwati, ko ƙananan rassan tare da ganye), nau'in ƙasa, da lokacin shekara. Abubuwan da ke cikin toka sun bambanta sosai dangane da yanayin konewa.

Akwatin katako, ban da sauran kayan carbonaceous (kayan da ba a amfani da su ba, carbon da aka kunna da aka cika da ƙwayoyin carbonaceus, tars, iskar gas daban-daban, da dai sauransu), suna dauke da tsakanin 20% da 50% calcium a cikin nau'in Calcium oxide kuma gabaɗaya suna da wadata a cikin potassium carbonate. Ashes da aka samo daga ciyawa, kuma iyalin Gramineae musamman, suna da wadataccen silica. Launi na toka ya fito ne daga ƙananan ma'adanai na inorganic kamar su Iron oxides da Manganese. Abubuwan ƙarfe masu ƙarancin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suka zama toka na itace galibi ana ɗaukar su alkaline.

Misali, ash da aka tattara daga bututun katako ya ƙunshi

• 17-33% calcium a cikin nau'in Calcium oxide ()  
• 2-6% potassium a cikin nau'in potassium oxide ()  
• 2.5-4.6% Magnesium a cikin nau'in magnesium oxide ()  
• 1-6% phosphorus a cikin nau'in phosphorus pentoxide ()  
• 3% a cikin jimlar oxides kamar su iron oxide, Manganese oxide, da sodium oxide

pH na toka yana tsakanin 10 da 13, galibi saboda gaskiyar cewa oxides na calcium, potassium, da sodium tushe ne mai ƙarfi. Abubuwan Acidic kamar su carbon dioxide, phosphoric acid, silicic acid, da sulfuric acid ba sa samuwa kuma, a gaban tushen da aka ambata a baya, galibi ana samun su a cikin nau'in gishiri, bi da bi carbonates, phosphate, silicates da sulfates.

A takaice dai, gishirin calcium da potassium suna samar da calcium oxide da aka ambata a sama (wanda aka fi sani da quicklime) da potassius yayin konewar kwayoyin halitta. Amma, a aikace, ana samun quicklime ne kawai ta hanyar murhun lemun tsami, kuma ana cire potash (daga potassium carbonate) ko soda (daga sodium carbonate).

Sauran abubuwa kamar sulfur, chlorine, baƙin ƙarfe ko sodium kawai sun bayyana a ƙananan adadi. Duk da haka wasu ba a samun su a cikin itace, kamar aluminum, zinc, da boron. (dangane da abubuwan da aka samo daga ƙasa ta shuke-shuke da aka ƙone).

Abubuwan da ke cikin ma'adinai a cikin toka sun dogara da nau'in bishiyoyi da aka ƙone, har ma a cikin yanayin ƙasa iri ɗaya. Ana samun karin chloride a cikin bishiyoyin conifer fiye da bishiyoyin broadleaf, tare da sau bakwai da aka samu a cikin bishiyoyi fiye da itatuwan oak. Akwai sau biyu mafi yawan phosphoric acid a cikin Aspen na Turai fiye da a cikin itacen oak kuma sau biyu mafi yawa Magnesium a cikin bishiyoyin elm fiye da a Scotch pine.

Abubuwan da ke cikin toka kuma sun bambanta da wane ɓangare na itacen ya ƙone. Silicon da salts na calcium sun fi yawa a cikin bark fiye da itace, yayin da gishirin potassium ana samun su ne a cikin itace. Bambancin abun da ke ciki ya faru ne bisa ga lokacin da itacen ya mutu.

Takamaiman nau'ikan

An ƙone toka

Tashin gawar da aka ƙona (wanda ake kira cremation ashes ko cremated remains ko kuma cremains) su ne ragowar jikin mutum bayan an ƙona gawarsa. Su kan kasance kamar foda mai launin toka, wanda yake kama da yashi mai kauri. Ko da yake ana kiran su “ashes” (ƙonƙon ƙari), a zahiri su ne ƙananan ƙananan ƙashi ne da suka rage bayan an ƙone jikin, domin tsarin ƙonawar yana ƙona dukkan abubuwan halitta na jikin. Mutane kan adana waɗannan ragowar a cikin kwalaye na musamman kamar urns, amma wani lokaci ana binne su ko kuma a yayyafa su a wasu wurare na musamman.

Zafin abinci

A cikin sarrafa abinci, yawan ma’adanai da ƙonƙon abu (ash content) ana amfani da su ne don gano kasancewar abubuwan halitta (organic) da wadanda ba halitta ba (inorganic) a cikin abinci, domin sa ido kan inganci, ƙididdigar abinci mai gina jiki, da sanya alama, binciken yadda kwayoyin cuta ke dorewa, da sauran dalilai. Wannan tsarin na iya auna ma’adanai kamar calcium (ƙarfe mai amfani ga ƙashi), sodium (gishiri), potassium (ma’adanin da ke taimakawa tsarin jiki), da phosphorus (ma’adanin da ke cikin ƙashi da tsokoki), har da ƙwayoyin ƙarfe kamar lead (gubar), mercury (azurfa mai guba), cadmium (wani ƙarfe mai guba), da aluminum (alminiyam).

Takardar ash

Ka zubar da toka a takarda. Tare da iska da warwatse, girman barbashi yana raguwa, yayin da yawan barbashi ke ƙaruwa.

Binciken abubuwan da ke cikin samfurori na ash daga Vietnam da Singapore ya nuna cewa ƙone takarda na iya fitar da gurɓata abubuwa da yawa da ke cutar da ingancin iska. Akwai adadi mai yawa na karafa masu nauyi a cikin hayaki da toka na ƙasa, misali, Aluminium, baƙin ƙarfe, Manganese, jan ƙarfe, gubar, zinc da cadmium.

"Kona takardun joss (joss paper) yana da alhakin kusan kashi 42% na nauyin gurbataccen hayakin carbon mai ƙarfi (refractory black carbon – rBC) a cikin iska, wanda ya fi yawan hayakin da ke fitowa daga ababen hawa (kashi 14–17%), ragowar amfanin gona (kashi 10–17%), da kuma kwal (kashi 18–20%) a lokacin bikin Hanyi a arewa maso yammacin kasar China."

Binciken ya ƙara da cewa: **"Ingancin iska gaba ɗaya na iya ƙara muni saboda kona joss paper ba tare da tsari ba yayin bukukuwan, kuma wannan ba wai kawai yana

Abinda ke cikin takardar ash ya dogara da nau'ikan / abun da ke cikin kayan takarda da ake ƙonewa, kuma akwai da yawa daga cikinsu.

Yaduwa da ƙonewa

 

matakan ƙarfe mai nauyi, gami da gubar, arsenic, cadmium, da jan ƙarfe a cikin tarkace bayan gobarar daji ta California ta 2007. An shirya kamfen ɗin tsaftacewa na ƙasa ... A cikin gobarar sansanin California (2018) wanda ya kashe mutane 85, matakan gubar sun karu da kusan sau 50 a cikin sa'o'i bayan gobarar a wani shafin da ke kusa (Chico). Zinc maida hankali ya karu sosai a Modesto, mil 150 daga nesa. An sami ƙarfe masu nauyi kamar Manganese da calcium a cikin gobarar California da yawa.

Sauran

• Ashes daga ƙonewa Kashi
  • Kashewa
  • Rufewar sharar gida
• Sigari ko ashash na sigari
• Incinerator bottom ash, wani nau'i na ash da aka samar a incinerators
• Kayayyakin konewar kwal Bottom ash Fly ash
  • Ƙarƙashin toka
  • Tsuntsu ash
• Yankin wuta, toka wanda ya ƙunshi gilashi gilashi, dutse, da ma'adanai waɗanda suka bayyana a lokacin fashewa.
• Ash na itace

 

Tsarin tsufa

Amfani da shi

Mai shayarwa

An yi amfani da toka tun lokacin Neolithic a matsayin taki saboda suna da wadataccen ma'adanai, musamman potash da abubuwan gina jiki masu mahimmanci. Su ne babban taki a cikin aikin gona na slash-and-burn, wanda daga ƙarshe ya samo asali zuwa sarrafa ƙonewa da ayyukan share gandun daji. Mutanen da ke cikin tarihin d ̄ a sun riga sun mallaki ilimi mai yawa game da abubuwan gina jiki da aka samar ta hanyar (daga littafi na 10 na zamantakewa) (masana'antu) toka daban-daban. Don ƙasa ta yumɓu musamman, ta amfani da toka ba tare da gyare-gyare ba ko amfani da charrée, toka wanda aka wanke ma'adanai da ruwa, ya zama dole.

Yin wanki

Saboda ƙurar toka (ashes) na ɗauke da potash, ana iya amfani da ita wajen ƙirƙirar sabulun wanke-wanke na ruwa mai narkewa a jiki (biodegradable laundry detergent). Bukatar kayayyakin halitta (organic products) ta haifar da sabon sha'awa wajen amfani da ƙurar toka daga itace wajen wanke-wanke. Kalmar Faransanci ta lessive da ke nufin wanke-wanke ta fito ne daga kalmar Latin lixivia, wadda ke nufin wani abu da ake yi daga ƙurar toka kuma ake amfani da shi wajen wanke-wanke.

Haka kuma, wannan amfani ya haifar da gina wani ƙaramin gini na gargajiya wanda ake kira bugadière a yammacin babban kogin Rhône. Wannan ginin an yi shi ne da dutse ko laka, kuma yana kama da kabad, inda ake ajiye kayan wanke-wanke marasa tsabta da ƙurar toka daga murhu. Idan bugadière ta cika, sai a canza kayan wanke-wanken da ƙurar zuwa wani kwandon wanke-wanke, a dahu a cikin ruwa.

Yin wanki ta amfani da toka da aka samo daga itace yana da fa'idar kasancewa kyauta, mai sauƙin samarwa, mai ɗorewa, kuma yana da inganci kamar yadda ake amfani da hanyoyin wanki na yau da kullun.

 

Tasirin kan hazo

  "Kayan ƙura ko hayaki a cikin yanayi suna da mahimmanci don hazo. Wadannan barbashi, waɗanda ake kira 'ƙwayoyin ƙuƙwalwa,' suna samar da farfajiyar don tururin ruwa ya taru. Wannan yana taimakawa ɗigon ruwa su taru tare kuma su zama babba don faɗuwa zuwa ƙasa wanda zai iya shafar ingancin ruwanmu idan ba don tacewa ba. "

Dubi kuma

• Aerosol
• Ash (chemistry)
• Black carbon
• Carbon, ainihin ɓangaren toka
• Carbon baki
• Kayan kwal, raguwar carbon bayan dumama itace galibi ana amfani dashi azaman man fetur na gargajiya
• Cinereous, wanda ya kunshi toka, launin toka ko kamar toka
• Coal, wanda ya kunshi carbon a matsayin toka, kuma ash za'a iya canza shi zuwa kwal
• Rashin gine-gine
• Rashin turɓaya mai guduƘarƙashin gudu
• Potash, kalma ce ga gishirin potassium mai amfani da yawa wanda aka samo daga toka na shuka, amma a yau ana yawan samun sa daga ajiyar ƙasa