Sterninae

Thalasseus bergii plumis anni primi

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Animalia — Chordata

Classis : Aves 
Infraclassis : Neognathae 
Ordo : Charadriiformes 
Subordo : Lari 
Familia : Laridae 
Subfamilia : Sterninae 

   

Palaeontologia

Miocaeno inferiori ad Praesens

Subdivisiones: Genera

*Anous

• Chlidonias
• Gelochelidon
• Gygis
• Hydroprogne
• Larosterna
• Onychoprion
• Phaetusa
• Procelsterna
• Sterna
• Sternula
• Thalasseus

Sterna hirundo volatu.

Sterna hirundo volatu.

Sterninae sunt aves maritimae familae Laridarum, quibus est distributio per omnem orbem terrarum, ubi prope mare, flumina, locos uliginosos plerumque inveniuntur. Aves huius familiae inter undecima genera sterninarum, larorum (sensu stricto), et rynchopum digeruntur. Sterninae sunt tenues et leves, longis caudis furcatis, alis gracilibus, longis rostris, brevibus cruribus. Animalia plurimarum specierum sunt cana pallida supra et alba infra, cum pilleo nigro in capite, sed Chlidoniati, Larosternis incis, nonnullisque anois saltem partim in anno sunt plumae obscurae. Sexus idem videntur, sed aves iuvenes facile ab adultis distinguuntur. Sterninis sunt plumae non parientes, cum frons albus et pilleus minor plerumque fit.

Species

Cladogramma coniunctiones inter genera sterninarum exhibet, et species secundum studia DNA mitochondrialia hodie agnitae infra perscribuntur.

Gygis alba cum pisce.

• Genus Anous
  • Anous stolidus
  • Anous minutus (aliquando subspecies Anoi tenuirostris habita)
  • Anous tenuirostris
  • Anous cerulea
  • Anous albivitta (aliquando subspecies Anoi cerulea habita)
• Genus Gygis
  • Gygis alba

Onychoprion fuscatus est species oceanica cuius tergum est obscurum.

• Genus Onychoprion
  • Onychoprion lunatus
  • Onychoprion anaethetus
  • Onychoprion fuscatus
  • Onychoprion aleuticus

Stenula albifrons volatu caudam furcatam exhibet.

• Genus Sternula
  • Sternula nereis
  • Sternula balaenarum
  • Sternula albifrons
  • Sternula saundersi (olim subspecies Sternulae albifrontis habita)
  • Sternula antillarum(olim subspecies Sternulae albifrontis habita)
  • Sternula superciliaris
  • Sternula lorata
• Genus Phaetusa
  • Phaetusa simplex
• Genus Hydroprogne
  • Hydroprogne caspia

Gelochelidoni pullos et iuvenes aliorum sterninarum aliquando praedatur.

• Genus Gelochelidon
  • Gelochelidon nilotica
  • Gelochelidon macrotarsa
• Genus Larosterna
  • Larosterna inca

Chlidonias hybridus insectis vesci mavult.

• Genus Chlidonias
  • Chlidonias niger
  • Chlidonias leucopterus
  • Chlidonias hybridus
  • Chlidonias albostriatus (aliquando inter Sternas digestus)
• Genus Thalasseus
  • Thalasseus bengalensis
  • Thalasseus albididorsalis
  • Thalasseus maximus
  • Thalasseus bergii
  • Thalasseus bernsteini
  • Thalasseus elegans
  • Thalasseus sandvicensis
  • Thalasseus acuflavidus (nuper ex Thalasseo sandvicensi extractus)

Sternae aurantiae adulti et iuvenes.

• Genus Sterna
  • Sterna forsteri
  • Sterna trudeaui
  • Sterna hirundo
  • Sterna dougallii
  • Sterna striata
  • Sterna sumatrana
  • Sterna hirundinacea
  • Sterna vittata
  • Sterna virgata
  • Sterna paradisaea
  • Sterna aurantia
  • Sterna acuticauda (fortasse Chlidonias)
  • Sterna repressa (fortasse Chlidonias)

Plumae Larosternae incae non est usitata familiae proprietas.

Chlidonias niger ova in paludinibus terrestribus parit.

Nidus Anoi stolidi in caudice Casuarinae equisetifoliae.

Sterna hirundo adulta vermem arenosum iuveni profert.

Larus occidentalis kleptoparasiticus Thalasseum elegantem abigit.

Sterna dougallii.

Sterna acuticauda ab hominibus in discrimen adducitur.

Bibliographia

• Barlow, Clive; Wacher, Tim; Disley, Tony (1997). A Field Guide to Birds of The Gambia and Senegal. Robertsbridge: Pica Press. ISBN 1-873403-32-1 
• Brookes, Ian (editor-in-chief) (2006). The Chambers Dictionary, ninth edition. Edimburgi: Chambers. ISBN 0-550-10105-5 
• Burton, Robert (1985). Bird Behaviour. Londinii: Granada Publishing. ISBN 0-246-12440-7 
• Constantine, Mark; The Sound Approach (2006). The Sound Approach to birding: a guide to understanding bird sound. Poole: The Sound Approach. ISBN 90-810933-1-2 
• Coles, Brian (2007). Essentials of Avian Medicine and Surgery. Oxoniae: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-4051-5755-1 
• Gochfeld, M., et J. Burger. 1996. "Family Sternidae (Terns)." In Handbook of Birds of the World, vol. 3: Hoatzin to Auks, ed. Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, et Jordi Sargatal, Jordi, 624–67. Barcinonae: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-20-7. Archivum.
• Harrison, Peter (1988). Seabirds: An Identification Guide. Londinii: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7470-1410-8 
• Hume, Rob (1993). The Common Tern. Londinii: Hamlyn. ISBN 0-540-01266-1 
• Hume, Rob; Pearson, Bruce (1993). Seabirds. Londinii: Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-57951-4 
• Hutton, Frederick Wollaston; Drummond, James (2011) [1904]. The animals of New Zealand: an account of the dominion's air-breathing vertebrates (reprint ed.). Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-04002-0 
• Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Londinii: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 
• Linnaeus, Carolus (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.. Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii 
• Lockwood, W. B. (1984). Oxford Book of British Bird Names. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-214155-4 
• Lythgoe, J N (1979). The Ecology of Vision. Oxoniae: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-854529-0 
• Maehr, David S.; Kale, Herbert W. (2005). Florida's Birds. Sarasotae: Pineapple Press. ISBN 1-56164-335-1 
• Merriam-Webster (2014). "Tern - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Encyclopædia Britannica 
• Newton, Ian (2010). Bird Migration (Collins New Naturalist Library 113). Londinii: Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-730732-6 
• Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (1995). Terns of Europe and North America. Londinii: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-4056-1 
• Perrins, Christopher M.; Arlott, Norman (1987). New generation guide to the birds of Britain and Europe. Austinopoli: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-75532-5 
• Miriam Rothschild; Theresa Clay (1953). Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites. Londinii: Collins 
• Sinclair, Sandra (1985). How Animals See: Other Visions of Our World. Beckenhamiae Londinii: Croom Helm. ISBN 0-7099-3336-3 
• Steele, John H; Thorpe Steve A; Turekian, Karl K (editors) (2001). Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. Londinii: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-227430-5 
• Svensson, Lars; Mullarney, Killian; Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter (1999). Collins Bird Guide. Londinii: Collins. ISBN 0-00-219728-6 
• Takken, Willem; Knols, Bart G. J. (editores) (2007). Emerging pests and vector-borne diseases in Europe. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-8686-053-1 
• Turner, William. Evans, A. H.. ed. Turner on Birds (Auium præcipuarum, quarum apud Plinium et Aristotelem mentio est, breuis et succincta historia) (1903 ed.). Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press 
• Watling, Dick (2003). A Guide to the Birds of Fiji and Western Polynesia. Suvae Vitiorum: Environmental Consultants. ISBN 982-9030-04-0 
• Ziegler, Harris Philip; Bischof, Hans-Joachim (eds) (1993). Vision, Brain, and Behavior in Birds: A comparative review. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-24036-X 

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Sternidas spectant (Sternidae, Laridae).

• Pelliculae sterninarum. Internet Bird Collection.