{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T16:13:38Z","timestamp":1759940018254},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,23]],"date-time":"2013-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Am Soc Inf Sci Tec"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Two methods for comparing impact factors and citation rates across fields of science are tested against each other using citations to the 3,705 journals in the <jats:italic>Science Citation Index<\/jats:italic> 2010 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010Rom version of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>) and the 13 field categories used for the <jats:italic>Science and Engineering Indicators<\/jats:italic> of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>. National Science Board. We compare (a) normalization by counting citations in proportion to the length of the reference list (1\/<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> of references) with (b) rescaling by dividing citation scores by the arithmetic mean of the citation rate of the cluster. Rescaling is analytical and therefore independent of the quality of the attribution to the sets, whereas fractional counting provides an empirical strategy for normalization among sets (by evaluating the between\u2010group variance). By the fairness test of Radicchi and Castellano (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#asi22911-bib-0026\" \/>), rescaling outperforms fractional counting of citations for reasons that we consider.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.22911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,23]],"date-time":"2013-08-23T15:18:41Z","timestamp":1377271121000},"page":"2299-2309","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Field\u2010normalized impact factors (<scp>IFs<\/scp>): A comparison of rescaling and fractionally counted <scp>IFs<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Loet","family":"Leydesdorff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR) University of Amsterdam  Kloveniersburgwal 48, 1012 CX Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Radicchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virigili  Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26 43007 Tarragona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lutz","family":"Bornmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Science and Innovation Studies Administrative Headquarters of the Max Planck Society  Hofgartenstr. 8, D\u201080539 Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Castellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi (ISI\u2010CNR)  Via dei Taurini 19, I\u201000185 Rome Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica Sapienza Universit\u00e0  di Roma, P. le A. Moro 2, 00185 Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wouter","family":"de Nooy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR) University of Amsterdam  Kloveniersburgwal 48, 1012 CX Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21448"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2011.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21611"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2010.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-012-0754-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.178.4060.471"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02019306"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/016555158801400208"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21608"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-012-0660-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20467"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21450"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-012-0636-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21534"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/jscires.2012.1.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2010.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21511"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.22765"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.22731"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2010.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","volume-title":"Science and engineering indicators","author":"National Science Board","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630270505"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","volume-title":"Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using Stata","author":"Rabe\u2010Hesketh S.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2011.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033833"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806977105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2012.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7079.497"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02017157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-011-0561-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.22708"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","unstructured":"Waltman L. &Van Eck N.J.(forthcoming).Source normalized indicators of citation impact: An overview of different approaches and an empirical comparison. 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