{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T16:53:36Z","timestamp":1783356816388,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700611200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["RGP2\/117\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/117\/44"]}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers","award":["PNURSP2023R203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R203"]}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSPD2023R787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R787"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009392","name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Future University in Egypt"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>The neurological ailment known as Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) affects people throughout the globe. The neurodegenerative PD-related disorder primarily affects people in middle to late life. Motor symptoms such as tremors, muscle rigidity, and sluggish, clumsy movement are common in patients with this disorder. Genetic and environmental variables play significant roles in the development of PD. Despite much investigation, the root cause of this neurodegenerative disease is still unidentified. Clinical diagnostics rely heavily on promptly detecting such irregularities to slow or stop the progression of illnesses successfully. Because of its direct correlation with brain activity, electroencephalography (EEG) is an essential PD diagnostic technique. Electroencephalography, or EEG, data are biomarkers of brain activity changes. However, these signals are non-linear, non-stationary, and complicated, making analysis difficult. One must often resort to a lengthy human labor process to accomplish results using traditional machine-learning approaches. The breakdown, feature extraction, and classification processes are typical examples of these stages. To overcome these obstacles, we present a novel deep-learning model for the automated identification of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). The Gabor transform, a standard method in EEG signal processing, was used to turn the raw data from the EEG recordings into spectrograms. In this research, we propose densely linked bidirectional long short-term memory (DLBLSTM), which first represents each layer as the sum of its hidden state plus the hidden states of all layers above it, then recursively transmits that representation to all layers below it. This study\u2019s suggested deep learning model was trained using these spectrograms as input data. Using a robust sixfold cross-validation method, the proposed model showed excellent accuracy with a classification accuracy of 99.6%. The results indicate that the suggested algorithm can automatically identify PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T09:09:13Z","timestamp":1700644153000},"page":"e1663","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A novel automated Parkinson\u2019s disease identification approach using deep learning and EEG"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Marwa","family":"Obayya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Kashif","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mashael","family":"Maashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saud S.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manar","family":"Ahmed Hamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Self Development, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj,  Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1663\/ref-1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of EEG based biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","author":"Cecere","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1663\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2016.2541171","article-title":"Situation-aware IoT service coordination using the event-driven SOA paradigm","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1663\/ref-3","article-title":"A hybrid deep spatio-temporal attention-based model for Parkinson\u2019s disease diagnosis using resting state EEG signals","author":"Delfan","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1663\/ref-4","article-title":"Stem cells: scientific progress and future research directions. 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