Nile

Nile

kulibɔŋ

Zuliya wuhibu	نهر النيل, بحر الجبل, النيل, Kiyira, Áman Dawū
Origin of the watercourse	Lake Victoria
Noli ti ko'doo	Mediterranean Sea
Tributary	White Nile, Blue Nile
Drainage basin	Nile basin
Tiŋgbaŋ yaɣili calinli	15°38′25″N 32°30′20″E, 31°27′55″N 30°22′0″E
Tingbani shɛli din yina	Burundi
Distributary	Sebennytic

 

 From Wikidata

Nile nyɛla mɔɣili din zɔri gindi Africa wulinpuhili ka nyɛ din zɔri chani nti luri Mediterranean teeku ni. Di waɣilim nyɛla kilomitanima 7,088, di ni nyɛ mɔɣ'shɛli din waɣa gari dunia zaa mɔɣa, amaa ti yi kana ko'shɛli din be mɔɣili maa puuni di nyɛla din pɔra ni Amazon mini Congo. Nile nyɛla din mali taarihi zaŋ jandi gbaŋsabila biɛhisi shee, daabilim n-ti pahi kaya ni taada taarihi

Nile ŋɔ nyɛla din mali mɔɣ'bihi ayi: dinima nyɛ White Nile mini Blue Nile. White Nile ŋɔ nyɛla din waɣa ka nyɛ so'kam ni saɣi n-ti shɛli ni di ni nyɛ din tiri Nile kom amaa Blue Nile nyɛla din mali kom viɛnyɛla kamani buyi zuɣu gari White Nile. White Nile nyɛla din piligi miri Lake Victoria ka nyɛ din zɔri gindi Uganda mini South Sudan ka Blue Nile mi nyɛ din piligi miri Lake Tana din be Ethiopia ka zɔri kpari wulinluhili polo chaŋ hali ni Sudan. Lala mɔɣa ayi ŋɔ nyɛla din chirigi taba Sudannima tiŋ zuɣu Khartoum. Bin din gbaai ni Nile ŋɔ nyɛla din zɔri kpari wulinpuhili polo n chaŋ nti gari Nubian Desert n saa gari chaŋ Egypt tiŋ zuɣu Cairo ka di yi zo n lu Mediterranean teeku din miri Alexandria.

Nile mɔɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din paai yuma kamani 15,000. Di nyɛla din zɔri gindi kamani tiŋgbana pin'yini. Nile kom nyɛla din yirina saa mibu ni, sa'kom din yirina Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda. Tiŋgbana kamani  – Egypt, Sudan n-ti pahi South Sudan nyɛla tiŋgbani shɛŋa din bi tooi nyari saa ka dizuɣu chɛ ka bɛ tooi mali mɔɣa niŋdi pukparilim. tiŋgbani shɛŋa din gba lahi be bee yaɣ'shɛŋa din lahi be Nile Basin nyɛ Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea nti pahi Rwanda.

Yuya mini gbunni

Silimiinsili bachi "Nile" nyɛla din yina Latin Nilus mini Ancient Greek Νεῖλος (Neilos) ka di nyɛ din yina Semitic bachi naḥal, ka di gbunni nyɛ mɔɣili.

Egyptian hieroglyphs for jtrw,
the word for 'river' or 'Nile':

Saha shɛli maa ha Egyptnima balli ni, lala bachi Ŋɔ nyɛla yuusiri shɛli zaŋ n-ti 'Nile' mini mɔɣili': jtrw. Egyptnima nyɛla ban booni bɛ tiŋgbani kmt ka di gbunni nyɛ 'sabinli', di nyɛla din jandi sabinli zaŋ n-ti i Nile kom nahingbaŋ. Silimiinsili yuli "Blue Nile" nyɛla lɛbiginsim din yina Larigu yuli Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq.

Saha ŋɔ mɔɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din mali bɔbugu Nile Basin. Egypt tiŋgbani puuni, di nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli Al-Nīl, Baḥr Al-Nīl bee Nahr Al-Nīl. South Sudan tiŋgbani ni, di nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli Arabic Baḥr el-Jebel, بحر الجبل ka di gbunni nyɛ 'Mountain River'. Uganda tiŋgbani, ninvuɣ shɛba ban yɛri Luganda nyɛla ban booni li Kiyira. Nubian niriba zaŋ n-ti Egypt mini Sudan nyɛla ban yuusiri Nobiin yuli Áman Dawū ('Great Water').

Di nyɛla din mali mɔɣ'bihi (mɔɣ'bihi shɛŋa dabam gba nyɛla din chaŋ na nti chirigi Nile) di shɛŋa nyɛ din doli na ŋɔ:

• Albert Nile – Mɔɣ'bila zaŋ n-ti White Nile ka nyɛ din zɔri yiri Lake Albert chani Nimule
• Black Nile – Yuli shɛli dabam zaŋ n-ti Atbarah mɔɣili
• Blue Nile – Mɔɣ'kara ayi zaŋ n-ti Nile puuni zaɣ'yini
• Kyoga Nile – Mɔɣ'bila zaŋ n-ti White Nile ka din zɔri yiri Lake Kyoga chani Lake Albert
• Main Nile – Mɔɣ'bila zaŋ n-ti Blue Nile mini White Nile
• Mountain Nile – Mɔɣ'bila zaŋ n-ti White Nile ka nyɛ din zɔri yiri Uganda chani South Sudan
• Victoria Nile – Mɔɣ'bila zaŋ n-ti White Nile ka nyɛ din zɔri yiri Lake Victoria chani Lake Kyoga
• White Nile – Mɔɣ'kara ayi zaŋ n-ti Nile puuni zaɣ'yini
• Yellow Nile – Wadi Howar, mɔɣ'bila zaŋ n-ti Nile saha shɛli ha amaa ka nyɛ din daa kuui yuma din gari maa

The Nile has six cataracts and several sources.

The waters of the Nile originate as rainfall in the mountains in the south and east regions of the Nile Basin.

Country water balance (annual)

Country	Source/Sink (water bal km3)	Basin Area km2	Precip km3	Evap km3	Runoff km3
Burundi	Tɛmplet:D-W (2)	13,240	14	13	3
DR Congo	Tɛmplet:D-W (0)	19,919	23	23	0
Egypt	Tɛmplet:D-N (−39)	235,108	4	44	0
Eritrea	Tɛmplet:D-W (2)	24,427	14	12	0
Ethiopia	Tɛmplet:D-P (164)	363,775	459	295	138
Kenya	Tɛmplet:D-P (27)	49,513	76	49	23
Rwanda	Tɛmplet:D-W (1)	20,676	21	20	4
South Sudan	Tɛmplet:D-N (−146)	617,256	612	757	92
Sudan	Tɛmplet:D-N (−81)	1,226,660	364	445	23
Tanzania	Tɛmplet:D-P (38)	120,506	160	122	18
Uganda	Tɛmplet:D-P (25)	236,763	301	276	22
Total		2,927,843	2,048	2,056	324

Sources and sinks: geographic basins

[[Fil

Country water balance (annual)

Country	Source/Sink (water bal km3)	Basin Area km2	Precip km3	Evap km3	Runoff km3
Burundi	Tɛmplet:D-W (2)	13,240	14	13	3
DR Congo	Tɛmplet:D-W (0)	19,919	23	23	0
Egypt	Tɛmplet:D-N (−39)	235,108	4	44	0
Eritrea	Tɛmplet:D-W (2)	24,427	14	12	0
Ethiopia	Tɛmplet:D-P (164)	363,775	459	295	138
Kenya	Tɛmplet:D-P (27)	49,513	76	49	23
Rwanda	Tɛmplet:D-W (1)	20,676	21	20	4
South Sudan	Tɛmplet:D-N (−146)	617,256	612	757	92
Sudan	Tɛmplet:D-N (−81)	1,226,660	364	445	23
Tanzania	Tɛmplet:D-P (38)	120,506	160	122	18
Uganda	Tɛmplet:D-P (25)	236,763	301	276	22
Total		2,927,843	2,048	2,056	324

e:Nile River discharge flow gauge locations.svg|thumb|The water balance tables of this article contain water flow information measured at the twelve stations shown in this map.|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile River is drawn, and there are a dozen landmarks shown on the map, at various points of the river]]

Geographic basin water balance (annual)

Basin's downstream station	Source/Sink (water bal km3)	Basin Area km2	Precip km3	Evap km3	Runoff km3
1 Lake Victoria outlet	Tɛmplet:D-P (74)	264,259	353	279	57
2 Murchison Falls	Tɛmplet:D-P (15)	85,513	109	94	9
3 Mongalla	Tɛmplet:D-W (1)	131,691	159	158	5
4 Malakal	Tɛmplet:D-N (−159)	925,160	798	957	150
5 Khartoum	Tɛmplet:D-N (−40)	257,130	134	174	14
6 Dam	Tɛmplet:D-P (105)	188,296	246	142	70
7 Khartoum	Tɛmplet:D-W (10)	118,651	96	72	9
8 Khashm el Girba	Tɛmplet:D-P (30)	100,318	95	66	10
9 Mouth of Atbarah River	Tɛmplet:D-W (−3)	104,051	22	25	1
11 Aswan Dam	Tɛmplet:D-N (−10)	188,011	2	13	0
12 Cairo/Delta	Tɛmplet:D-N (−10)	145,293	3	12	0

The Nile (bottom) flows through Egypt's desert, which was much wetter during the African humid period.

Ancient Egyptians used boats extensively for transport. This image is from the Tomb of Pairy.

Post-colonial era

The Abu Simbel temples were relocated to higher ground when the Aswan High Dam was built and submerged their original location.

Egypt mini Sudan nyɛla ban daa deegi bɛ maŋsulinsi Britain yuuni 1950s sunsuuni. Yuuni 1959 Egypt mini Sudan nyɛla ban daa labi lihi bɛ yuuni 1929 kom laɣim yuusi saawara. Bɛ ni daa labi gbaai saawara shɛli maa nyɛla din daa wuhi ni bɛ yɛn laɣimi yuusiri kom ŋɔ, ka daa yɛlli ni Egypt mini Sudan nyɛla ban yɛn yuusiri kom maa kamani kɔbigi puuni vaabu 55.5 mini 18.5 billion cubic meters gabaadaya. Tiŋgbani shɛŋa din be mɔɣili maa zuɣusaa nyɛla bɛ ni daa yihi shɛba lala saawara maa gbaabu ni, di shɛli nyɛ Ethiopia ka di gba nyɛ din tiri mɔɣili maa kom.

Yuuni 1959 saawara ŋɔ gbaabu maa nyɛla din daa ti Egypt mini Sudan soli ni bɛ gbi kulibɔna ka di nyɛ binshɛli bɛ ni daa niŋ: Egypt nyɛla ban daa gbi Aswan High Dam (di nyɛla din daa naai yuuni 1970); Sudan nyɛla ban daa gbi Khashm el-Girba Dam (1964), Roseires Dam (1966), Merowe Dam (2009), n ti pahi Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex (2017).

The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, completed in 2025, generates over 5 gigawatts.

These crops in Egypt (near the Toshka Lakes) are the result of an irrigation system that pumps Nile water out of Lake Nasser.

Major hydropower stations in the Nile Basin

Hydropower station	Nearby landmark	Year completed	Power (MW, in 2025)	Tributary
Aswan Low Dam	Aswan, Egypt	1902, 1912, 1933, 1985	550	Main Nile
Aswan High Dam	Aswan Egypt	1970	2,100	Main Nile
Merowe Dam	Merowe, Sudan	2009	1,250	Main Nile
Upper Atbara and Setit	Showak, Sudan	2017	320	Atbarah and Tekezé
Roseires Dam	Er Roseires, Sudan	1966, 2013	280	Blue Nile
Tana Beles	Lake Tana, Ethiopia	2010	460	Beles River, Blue Nile
Tekezé Dam	Tekezé River, Ethiopia	2009	300	Tekezé, Atbarah
Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam	Bameza, Ethiopia	2020	5,150	Blue Nile
Fincha	Fincha'a, Ethiopia	1973	134	Blue Nile (Chomen Lake)
Karuma	Karuma Falls, Uganda	2024	600	Victoria Nile
Isimba	Kamuli District, Uganda	2019	183	Victoria Nile
Bujagali	Bujagali Falls, Uganda	2012	250	Victoria Nile
Kiira	Kimaka, Uganda	2003	200	Victoria Nile
Nalubaale	Jinja, Uganda	1954	180	Victoria Nile

In culture

Art and literature

This ancient Egyptian artwork, "Menna and Family Hunting in the Marshes", is within the Tomb of Menna in the Theban Necropolis.

A Nile crocodile eating fish.

Nilotic landscapes, such as this 2nd century Roman mosaic, often displayed crocodiles and hippos.

Personification of the River Nile is a colossal marble sculpture from c. 2nd century CE Rome – now in the Vatican Museum.

T

Kundivihira

Footnotes

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Journals and websites

• (February 2018) "The Nile's journey through space and time: A geological perspective". Earth-Science Reviews 177: 742–773. DOI:10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.01.010.

• (March 2023) "Irreversible and Large-Scale Heavy Metal Pollution Arising From Increased Damming and Untreated Water Reuse in the Nile Delta". Earth's Future 11 (3). DOI:10.1029/2022EF002987.

• Angurini, Tom (2021). "Eskom Invests in Kiira Dam Water Controllers". Daily Monitor (Uganda). OCLC 44216472. https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/finance/eskom-invests-in-kiira-dam-water-controllers-3379660.

• (28 December 2023) "Popular culture and Nile hydropolitics: Amharic songs about the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam". International Journal of Water Governance 10 (1). DOI:10.59490/ijwg.10.2023.7359.

• (30 October 2018) "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Scientific Data 5 (1). DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.214. PMID 30375988.

• (16 September 2010) "Overland Boat Transportation During the Pharaonic Period: Archaeology and Iconography". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 2 (3). DOI:10.2458/azu_jaei_v02i3_creasman.

• (September 2020) "Assessing Future Changes of Climate Extreme Events in the CORDEX-MENA Region Using Regional Climate Model ALADIN-Climate". Earth Systems and Environment 4 (3): 477–492. DOI:10.1007/s41748-020-00169-3.

• (2008) "Geophysical Surveys to Investigate the Relation Between the Quaternary Nile Channels and the Messinian Nile Canyon at East Nile Delta, Egypt". Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2 (1): 53–67. DOI:10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9. ISSN 1866-7511.

• Endeshaw, Dawit (2025). "Ethiopia Opens Africa's Largest Hydroelectric Dam to Egyptian Protest". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/ethiopia-opens-africas-largest-hydroelectric-dam-egyptian-protest-2025-09-09/.

• Griffin, Dan (2018). "Nearly Completed Dam on White Nile Casts a Long Shadow". The Irish Times (Dublin, Ireland). ISSN 0791-5144. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/africa/nearly-completed-dam-on-white-nile-casts-a-long-shadow-1.3431735.

• (December 2024) "Assessing the influences of future water development projects in Tekeze-Atbara-Setit basin on the Nile River inflow at Aswan, Egypt". Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 56. DOI:10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.102007.

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