Peng'im

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Peng'im^[1]^[a] is a Teochew language romanization system, developed as part of the Guangdong Romanization published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960. The system is based on the Swatow dialect. It uses the Latin alphabet, with numbers to denote tones.

Before it was developed, another system called Pe̍h-ūe-jī, which was introduced by missionaries in 1875, had been widely used. Since Teochew has high phonetic similarity with Hokkien, another Southern Min variety, Pe̍h-ōe-jī and Tâi-lô can also be used to transcribe Teochew.

Alphabet

This system uses the Latin alphabet, and includes the letter ê. It does not include f, j, q, v, w, x, or y.

Initials

There are 18 initial consonants. This includes the zero initial, which is not written with a letter in Peng'im, but is included in the table below as a glottal stop.

Initials
		Bilabial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Voiced (no frictions)	nasal	m [m] 毛	n [n] 年	ng [ŋ] 雅
Voiced (no frictions)	plosive or lateral	bh [b] 米	l [l] 來/內	gh [g] 鵝/牙
Voiceless stops	aspirated	p [pʰ] 皮	t [tʰ] 臺	k [kʰ] 可
Voiceless stops	plain	b [p] 比	d [t] 都	g [k] 歌	[ʔ]
Voiceless affricates	aspirated		c [tsʰ] 菜
Voiceless affricates	plain		z [ts] 書
Fricatives			s [s] 士/速		h [h] 海/系
Fricatives			r [(d)z] 爾		h [h] 海/系

Finals

There are 59 finals:

Finals of Teochew
Classes	Open vowel	Mid vowel	Close vowel
Open Syllable		i [i] 衣	u [u] 汙
	a [a] 亞	ia [ia] 呀	ua [ua] 娃
	o [o] 窩	io [io] 腰
	ê [e] 啞		uê [ue] 鍋
	e [ɯ] 余
	ai [ai] 哀		uai [uai] 歪
	oi [oi] 鞋		ui [ui] 威
	ao [au] 歐
	ou [ou] 烏	iou [iou] 夭
		iu [iu] 憂
Nasal vowel		in [ĩ] 丸
	an [ã] 噯	ian [ĩã] 營	uan [ũã] 鞍
		ion [ĩõ] 羊
	ên [ẽ] 楹
	en [ɯ̃] 秧
	ain [ãĩ] 愛
	oin [õĩ] 閑
Nasal Coda		im [im] 音
	am [am][庵]^[2]	iam [iam] 淹	uam [uam] 凡
		ing [iŋ] 因	ung [uŋ] 溫
	ang [aŋ] 按	iang [iaŋ] 央	uang [uaŋ] 汪
	ong [oŋ] 翁	iong [ioŋ] 雍
	êng [eŋ] 英
Checked tone		ih [iʔ] 裂
	ah [aʔ] 鴨	iah [iaʔ] 益	uah [uaʔ] 活
	oh [oʔ] 學	ioh [ioʔ] 約
	êh [eʔ] 厄
	oih [oiʔ] 狹
		ib [ip̚] 邑
	ab [ap̚] 盒	iab [iap̚] 壓	uab [uap̚] 法
		ig [ik̚] 乙	ug [uk̚] 熨
	ag [ak̚] [惡]^[2]	iag [iak̚] 躍	uag [uak̚] 蕕[獲]^[2]
	og [ok̚] 屋	iog [iok̚] 育
	êg [ek̚] 液

Tones

8 tones of Teochew^[b]
Tones	陰平 (dark level)	陰上 (dark rising)	陰去 (dark departing)	陰入 (dark entering)	陽平 (light level)	陽上 (light rising)	陽去 (light departing)	陽入 (light entering)
Tone value	33	52	213	2	55	35	11	4
Examples	詩、分	死、粉	世、訓	薛、忽	時、雲	是、混	示、份	蝕、佛
Symbols	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8

Tone is notated as a numeric superscript following the syllable.^[3]^[4] For example:

詩 – si¹
死 – si²
世 – si³
薛 – sih⁴

Differences in rime

This is a list of differences in rime in dialects of Teochew by regions. Tone in Raoping is almost same as in Swatow.^[5] Only general differences are listed, some certain distinctions of certain words are not listed.

Swatow	Raoping	Chaozhou	Chenghai	Puning^[6]	Jieyang	Chaoyang	Haifeng	Examples
e				e		u	i	餘，許，豬，祠
oi				ôi			ei	鞋
uin				ui	ui	uain		跪，櫃
oin	oin/êng			ain	ain	ain	ain	閒，殿
oih							eih	狹
iao/iou	iao	iou	iou	io/iao				搖，要
io		ie	ie	io				腰
ion		ien	ien	ion				羊
ioh		ieh	ieh	ioh				借，惜，藥，石
am[am]			ang[aŋ]	am[am]				庵
ab[ap]			ag[ak]	ap				盒
iam[iam]		iem[iem]	iang[iaŋ]	iam[iam]				嚴
iab[iap]		ieb[iep]	iag [iak]	iap				壓
im[im]			ing [iŋ]	im				音
ib[ip]			ig [ik]	ip				溼
ang[aŋ]				ang				安
ag [ak]				âk				達
iang[iaŋ]		iêng[ieŋ]		iang				仙
iag [iak]		iêg[iek]		iâk				傑，設
uang[uaŋ]		uêng[ueŋ]		uâng				全，完，緣，彎
uag [uak]		uêg [uek]		uâk				粵
eng [ɯŋ]	eng/ing			êng/ung	êng[eŋ]	ing[iŋ]	ng/eng	斤
eg [ɯk]				êg [ek]	êg [ek]	ig[ik]		乞
ing[iŋ]				ing	êng[eŋ]		in[in]	因
ung[uŋ]				ung			un[un]	溫

References

↑ Tan, Charlene Gia Lim (July 26, 2018). An Introduction To The Culture And History Of The Teochews In Singapore. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-323-937-1.
1 2 3 廣州話、客家話、潮汕話與普通話對照詞典（2005年），第545頁。
↑ "Teochew · Mogher – 潮州音字典""Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link).
↑ "潮州話拼音方案ChaoZhou Dialect Romanization Scheme""Min – Chaozhou Dialect". Archived from the original on January 11, 2010. Retrieved January 11, 2010., Min-Chaozhou.
↑ 潮州話拼音方案（2003年），根據“潮汕方言韻母內部差異表”章節。
↑ 根据里湖音、洪阳音和流沙音编写。

Notes

↑ simplified Chinese: 潮州话拼音方案; traditional Chinese: 潮州話拼音方案: Diê⁵ziu¹uê⁷ Pêng¹im¹ huang¹uan³ (Teochew) Dio⁵ziu¹uê⁷ Pêng¹im¹ huang¹uan³ (Swatow), Pe̍h-ūe-jī : Tiê-chiu-ūe Pheng-im Huang-uàⁿ or Tiô-chiu-ūe Pheng-im Huang-uàⁿ, Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tiê-chiu-ōe Pheng-im Hoang-òaⁿ or Tiô-chiu-ōe Pheng-im Hoang-òaⁿ
↑ Chaoyang region does not distinguish light rising and dark departing, Huilai does not distinguish light and dark departing.

[Tan2018-1] Tan, Charlene Gia Lim (July 26, 2018). An Introduction To The Culture And History Of The Teochews In Singapore. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-323-937-1.

[pengim-3] 1 2 3 廣州話、客家話、潮汕話與普通話對照詞典（2005年），第545頁。

[5] "Teochew · Mogher – 潮州音字典""Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link).

[6] "潮州話拼音方案ChaoZhou Dialect Romanization Scheme""Min – Chaozhou Dialect". Archived from the original on January 11, 2010. Retrieved January 11, 2010., Min-Chaozhou.

[7] 潮州話拼音方案（2003年），根據“潮汕方言韻母內部差異表”章節。

[8] 根据里湖音、洪阳音和流沙音编写。

[2] simplified Chinese: 潮州话拼音方案; traditional Chinese: 潮州話拼音方案: Diê⁵ziu¹uê⁷ Pêng¹im¹ huang¹uan³ (Teochew) Dio⁵ziu¹uê⁷ Pêng¹im¹ huang¹uan³ (Swatow), Pe̍h-ūe-jī : Tiê-chiu-ūe Pheng-im Huang-uàⁿ or Tiô-chiu-ūe Pheng-im Huang-uàⁿ, Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tiê-chiu-ōe Pheng-im Hoang-òaⁿ or Tiô-chiu-ōe Pheng-im Hoang-òaⁿ

[4] Chaoyang region does not distinguish light rising and dark departing, Huilai does not distinguish light and dark departing.

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