Problem of the Month (August 2006)

In September 2004, we investigated the problem of finding polypolyforms, shapes that could be tiled individually by two given polyforms. In November 2004, we generalized this to include finding shapes that could be tiled by a given polyform in multiple ways. This month we investigate the same problems for polylines, the one dimensional analogs of polyominoes.

A do n-line is a connected union of n unit line segments that intersect only at their endpoints, and form angles that are multiples of do. For two given polylines, what is the smallest figure that can be tiled individually by them? For a given subset of n-lines, what is the smallest figure that can be tiled by those n-lines but no other? And for a given polyline, what is the smallest figure that can be tiled by it in multiple ways? For all of these questions, the answer may depend on whether we allow crossings or not.


ANSWERS

George Sicherman submitted many answers and improvements.

Here are the best known compatibilities:

Compatibility of 90o Bilines
Image Image
Image Image crossing:
Image

no crossing:
Image

Image Image

Compatibility of 90o Bilines and Trilines
Image Image Image Image Image
Image Image Image Image crossing:
Image

no crossing:
Image
(George Sicherman)

crossing:
Image

no crossing:
Image
(George Sicherman)

Image crossing:
Image

no crossing:
?

Image Image Image Image

Compatibility of 90o Trilines
Image Image Image Image Image
Image Image crossing:
Image

no crossing:
Image

Image crossing:
Image

no crossing:
Image
(George Sicherman)

crossing:
Image

no crossing:
Image
(George Sicherman)

Image Image Image Image Image
Image Image Image Image
Image Image Image
Image Image
(George Sicherman)

Compatibility of 90o Bilines and Quadlines
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Image 1 2 / 4 4 2 / 4 1 2 / 4 2 2 2 2 1 1 / ∞ 2 / 4 4 / ∞ 2 / ∞
Image 4 / ∞ 2 / 4 2 / 4 2 / 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1
George Sicherman

Compatibility of 90o Trilines and Quadlines
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Image 3 3 3 / 12 6 / 6 / 6 / 6 / 12 / 18 / 6 9 9 / ∞ 6 12 / 6 /
Image 3 / 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 / 12 3 / 12 3 / ∞ 3 / 6 3
Image 6 / 6 3 3 / 6 6 / 6 3 6 6 3 3 3 3 6 3
Image 12 / 3 / 6 6 9 / 3 3 6 6 / 12 6 6 / 3 3 3 3
Image 18 / 6 / 24 6 3 6 / 6 3 3 / 6 3 3 9 / 18 3 3 3 3 3
George Sicherman

Here are the pictures of the largest compatibilities:

Image Image Image

Image

Compatibility of 90o Quadlines
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Image 2 / 4 4 6 / ? 2 / 4 4 / ∞ 8 / 4 / ∞ 16 / 8 / 4 4 / ∞ 8 / ? 32 / ? 8 /
Image 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 / 4 2 / 4 4 4 4 / ∞ 2 4 / 4 / ? 4 / ?
Image 2 2 4 4 2 / 4 4 4 2 / 4 4 4 2 8 4 / 12
Image 2 / 4 2 / 4 2 4 4 4 2 / 4 4 2 / ? 2 2 / 4 2 / 4
Image 2 2 / 4 2 2 2 2 / ? 2 2 / ∞ 4 / ? 4 / ? 2 / ∞
Image 2 4 4 2 / 4 4 4 8 / ? 4 2 / 4 2 / 4 2 / 4
Image 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Image 2 2 4 6 4 4 8 / ? 2 4
Image 4 / ∞ 2 2 4 / 8 2 / ? 2 / 4 2
Image 2 2 2 4 4 2 2
Image 2 2 / 4 8 / ? 12 / ?
Image 4 4 2
Image 2 4 4 2
Image 2 2
Image 2 2
Image 4
George Sicherman

Here is a picture of the largest compatibility:

Image

George Sicherman found many multiple tiling numbers of the 90o pentalines:

Image

Zucca's Problem for 90o Trilines
I L

crossing:
Image

no crossing:
Image

I T

crossing:
Image
(George Sicherman)

no crossing:
Image
(George Sicherman)

L S

crossing:
Image

no crossing:
Image

L U

Image

L T

crossing:
Image
(George Sicherman)

no crossing:
Image

T U

crossing:
Image
(George Sicherman)

no crossing:
Image

T S
Image
U S

Image

I U

crossing:
Image
(George Sicherman)

no crossing:
Image

I S

crossing:
Image
(George Sicherman)

no crossing:
Image

I L T
Image
I L U

crossing:
Image
(George Sicherman)

no crossing:
Image

L T S

Image

I L S

crossing:
Image

no crossing:
Image

I T S

crossing:
?

no crossing:
Image

I T U

crossing:
?

no crossing:
Image

I U S

crossing:
?

no crossing:
Image

L T U

crossing:
Image

no crossing:
Image
(George Sicherman)

L U S

crossing:
Image
(George Sicherman)

no crossing:
Image
(George Sicherman)

T U S

Image

I L T U

crossing:
Image

no crossing:
Image

L T U S

crossing:
Image
(George Sicherman)

no crossing:
Image

I L T S

crossing:
Image
(George Sicherman)

no crossing:
Image

I T U S

crossing:
?

no crossing:
Image

I L U S

crossing:
Image

no crossing:
Image

I L T U S

crossing:
Image
(George Sicherman)

no crossing:
Image

Compatibility of 60o Bilines
Image Image Image
Image Image crossing:
Image

no crossing:
Image
(George Sicherman)

crossing:
Image

no crossing:
Image

Image Image Image
Image Image

Compatibility of 60o Bilines and Trilines
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Image 4 / ? 4 / 8 2 4 4 / 24 2 / 8 2 4 / 8 2 4 / ? 2 / ? 2
Image 4 / 6 2 2 / 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 / ?
Image 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 / 4 2 / 6 2 2 / 6 4 / 18
George Sicherman

Compatibility of 60o Trilines
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Image 2 / 3 2 / 4 2 3 3 3 / 4 / 6 / 6 /
Image 3 2 2 / 3 2 3 3 2 / 3 2 2 3 4
Image 2 / 3 2 / 3 2 / 3 3 2 6 / 24 2 / 3 3 / ? 9 / ? 2 / 3
Image 2 2 / 3 2 3 2 2 / 3 2 / 3 2 6 / ?
Image 3 4 2 6 / ? 4 / ? 3 6 / ?
Image 2 2 / 3 2 3 3 / 6 2 / ∞ 18 / ?
Image 2 / 3 3 2 2 2 / 3 3
Image 2 2 / 3 4 3 / ?
Image 3 2 3 / 6 2 / 3
Image 3 3 6 / ?
Image 9 /
Image
George Sicherman

George Sicherman found many multiple tiling numbers of the 60o tetralines:

Image

Zucca's Problem for 60o Bilines
I L

Image
(George Sicherman)

I V
Image
L V

Image

I L V

crossing:
Image

no crossing:
?

Compatibility of 72o Bilines
Image Image
Image Image crossing:
Image

no crossing:
Image
(George Sicherman)

Image Image

George Sicherman found many compatibilities of the 72o bilines and trilines:

Image

George Sicherman found many compatibilities of the 72o trilines, both with crosses and without:

Image

Image

George Sicherman found many multiple tiling numbers of the 72o trilines:

Image

George Sicherman also found many compatibilities of the 51o bilines:

Image

George Sicherman also found multiple tiling numbers of the 51o bilines and trilines:

Image

Image


If you can extend any of these results, please e-mail me. Click here to go back to Math Magic. Last updated 5/11/07.