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Anatase

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Mark Kucera
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About AnataseHide

Formula:
TiO2
Colour:
Brown, pale yellow or reddish brown, indigo, black; pale green, pale lilac, grey, rarely nearly colourless; brown, yellow-brown, pale green, blue in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Adamantine, Metallic
Hardness:
5½ - 6
Specific Gravity:
3.79 - 3.97
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Name:
Named in 1801 by Rene Just Haüy from the Greek ανάτασις ("anatasis") for "extension," in allusion to the length of the pyramidal faces being longer in relation to their bases than in many tetragonal minerals.
Anatase is one of the five forms of titanium dioxide found in nature.

Compare anatase-columbite solid solution.




Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
213
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:213:8

IMA Classification of AnataseHide

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

Classification of AnataseHide

4.DD.05

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
D : With medium-sized cations; frameworks of edge-sharing octahedra
Dana 7th ed.:
4.4.4.1
4.4.4.1

4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX2
7.9.3

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

SymbolSourceReference for Standard
AntIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
AntKretz (1983)Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279.
AntSiivolam & Schmid (2007)Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download
AntWhitney & Evans (2010)Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371
AntThe Canadian Mineralogist (2019)The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download
AntWarr (2020)Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30

Physical Properties of AnataseHide

Adamantine, Metallic
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Brown, pale yellow or reddish brown, indigo, black; pale green, pale lilac, grey, rarely nearly colourless; brown, yellow-brown, pale green, blue in transmitted light.
Comment:
Transparent when light coloured, to nearly opaque when deeply colored. Pyramidal crystals may appear opaque because of total reflection.
Streak:
White to pale yellow
Hardness:
5½ - 6 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=616 - 698 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {001} and {011}
Fracture:
Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.79 - 3.97 g/cm3 (Measured)    3.89 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of AnataseHide

Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 2.5612 nε = 2.488
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.073
Based on recorded range of RI values above.

Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.

Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.

Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.

Surface Relief:
Moderate
Reflectivity:
WavelengthR1 (%)R2 (%)
400nm23.7% 23.8%
420nm22.4% 22.5%
440nm21.7% 21.6%
460nm21.1% 21.0%
480nm20.7% 20.4%
500nm20.2% 20.0%
520nm19.9% 19.6%
540nm19.6% 19.3%
560nm19.4% 19.0%
580nm19.2% 18.8%
600nm19.0% 18.5%
620nm18.8% 18.4%
640nm18.7% 18.2%
660nm18.6% 18.1%
680nm18.5% 18.0%
700nm18.4% 17.8%


Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 23.8%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
stronger in deeply coloured crystals
Comments:
Deeply coloured crystals may be anomalously biaxial

Chemistry of AnataseHide

Mindat Formula:
TiO2
Element Weights:
Element% weight
Ti59.934 %
O40.066 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
Common Impurities:
Fe,Sn,V,Nb

Chemical AnalysisHide

Oxide wt%:
 1
SiO20.88 %
TiO244.06 %
Fe2O318.96 %
Nb2O533.06 %
Ta2O51.61 %
Total:98.57 %
Empirical formulas:
Sample IDEmpirical Formula
1(Ti0.5Nb0.25)Σ1.00O2

Crystallography of AnataseHide

Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
I41/amd
Cell Parameters:
a = 3.7845 Å, c = 9.5143 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.514
Unit Cell V:
136.27 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals typically acute dipyramidal {011}, often highly modified; obtuse pyramidal or tabular on {001}; less commonly prismatic on [001], with {110}, {010}

Twinning:
Rare, on {112}

Crystallographic forms of AnataseHide

Crystal Atlas:
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Anatase no.3 - {101} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
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Anatase no.4 - {101} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
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Anatase no.5 - {101} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
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Anatase no.11 - {101} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
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Anatase no.33 - {101} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
View 3D crystal model
Anatase no.36 - {101} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
View 3D crystal model
Anatase no.50 - {305} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
View 3D crystal model
Anatase no.51 - {101} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
View 3D crystal model
Anatase no.53 - {101} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
View 3D crystal model
Anatase no.63 - {307} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
View 3D crystal model
Anatase no.127 - {112} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by www.smorf.nl.

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Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0019093AnataseHoward C J, Sabine T M, Dickson F (1991) Structural and thermal parameters for rutile and anatase Acta Crystallographica B47 462-468Image1991synthetic0293
0010738AnataseHorn M, Schwerdtfeger C F, Meagher E P (1972) Refinement of the structure of anatase at several temperatures Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 136 273-281Image1972Lengenbach quarry, Binnatal, Switzerland0293
0010737AnataseHorn M, Schwerdtfeger C F, Meagher E P (1972) Refinement of the structure of anatase at several temperatures Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 136 273-281Image1972Lengenbach quarry, Binnatal, Switzerland0293
0010736AnataseHorn M, Schwerdtfeger C F, Meagher E P (1972) Refinement of the structure of anatase at several temperatures Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 136 273-281Image1972Lengenbach quarry, Binnatal, Switzerland0293
0010735AnataseHorn M, Schwerdtfeger C F, Meagher E P (1972) Refinement of the structure of anatase at several temperatures Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 136 273-281Image1972Lengenbach quarry, Binnatal, Switzerland0293
0011765AnataseWyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Crystal Structures 1 239-44419630293
0017663AnataseParker R (1924) Zur Kristallstruktur von Anastas und Rutil. (II. Teil. Die Anastasstruktur). _cod_database_code 1010942 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 59 1-5419240293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
3.52 Å(100)
1.892 Å(35)
2.378 Å(20)
1.6999 Å(20)
1.6665 Å(20)
1.4808 Å(14)
2.431 Å(10)
Comments:
Recorded on synthetic material

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Geological Setting:
Usually secondary, derived from other titanium-bearing minerals. In alpine veins, derived from the enclosing gneisses or schists by hydrothermal solutions. In igneous and
metamorphic rocks; in pegmatites; from a carbonatite. A common detrital mineral.

Type Occurrence of AnataseHide

Place of Conservation of Type Material:
National History Museum, Paris, France
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Alpine veins, derived from the enclosing gneisses or schists by hydrothermal solutions.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Synonyms of AnataseHide

Other Language Names for AnataseHide

Bosnian:Anatas
Czech:Anatas
Dutch:Anataas
French:Anatase
Hungarian:Anatáz
Italian:Anatasio
Japanese:鋭錐石
Lithuanian:Anatazas
Norwegian:Anatas
Polish:Anataz
Russian:Анатаз
Simplified Chinese:锐钛矿
Swedish:Anatas
Ukrainian:Анатаз

Varieties of AnataseHide

(Nb,Fe)-substituted anataseA fine-grained anatase forming pseudomorphs after euxenite-(Y) or polycrase-(Y) with a larger unit cell than normal anatase.

A chemical analysis of a (Nb,Fe)-substituted anatase was reported and discussed by Raade & Kristiansen (1997) from Herrebøkasa,...
Gel-AnataseFinely divided anatase as a component of leucoxene pseudomorphs after Ilmenite.

Originally reported from Lovozero Massif, Kola Peninsula, Murmanskaja Oblast', Northern Region, Russia.
Niobium-bearing Anatase
XanthitaneSoft, friable, yellow earthy material as alteration pseudomorphs after titanite (Green River, Henderson Co., NC, USA). Identical with anatase.

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:
1,353 photos of Anatase associated with QuartzSiO2
651 photos of Anatase associated with RutileTiO2
324 photos of Anatase associated with AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
299 photos of Anatase associated with Chlorite Group
293 photos of Anatase associated with BrookiteTiO2
227 photos of Anatase associated with 'Adularia'KAlSi3O8
104 photos of Anatase associated with ClinochloreMg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8
80 photos of Anatase associated with MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
79 photos of Anatase associated with PyriteFeS2
66 photos of Anatase associated with Synchysite-(Ce)CaCe(CO3)2F

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

4.DD.10BrookiteTiO2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)

Fluorescence of AnataseHide

Not fluorescent.

Other InformationHide

Thermal Behaviour:
Before the blowpipe, infusible.
Notes:
Not soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Anatase in petrologyHide

An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.

Internet Links for AnataseHide

References for AnataseHide

Reference List:

Localities for AnataseHide

Showing 2,958 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the Image symbol to view information about a locality. The Image symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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