Playing in the Light (2006), by Zoë Wicomb

ImageIt’s so long since I bought this novel (at what prompt, I wonder?) that it came as a surprise.  It’s the second novel of the late South-African born UK resident Zoë Wicomb, and it tells the story of Marion, the daughter of parents classified as ‘Coloured’ in apartheid South Africa, who had ‘passed’ as White since before she was born.

People who did this in South Africa, were called ‘play-whites’, a deceptively light-hearted term but the subterfuge was deadly earnest.  People chose to over-ride the arbitrary classifications of  the Population Registration Act of 1950  so that they could access the benefits of a racist society, but the personal cost was profound: a traumatic loss of identity; of family, of culture and traditions; and a sense of belonging.  And when apartheid South Africa transitioned into the ‘new’ multiracial South Africa, the personal cost also included guilt and shame when secrets kept for decades were revealed.

Marion’s has been an unhappy life, because the strain of living a lie made her parents’ marriage bitter, and Marion — wholly ignorant of her origins — grows up estranged from all her family and anyone who might give the game away.  When she finds out, she is blindsided by the impact on her identity, and furious with her father.

Wicomb treads a fine line between depicting Marion’s reality and avoiding opportunities to create her as a sympathetic  character.  The reader is not meant to like her or feel sorry for her; but she is meant to represent the consequences of opportunistic decisions made in the immediate aftermath of being suddenly classified into rigid racial categories.

The whole thing came about by accident.  Not knowing that traffic police was a job reserved for Whites, (because in apartheid’s warped justifications, how could you have a Coloured man telling a White man what to do!) John applied for a job and the man at reception assumed he was White from the colour of his skin. From there it was comparatively easy to transition from poor rural Coloured to lowly-paid White traffic cop.  Although his wife Helen chose to have a #MeToo experience with a town councillor in order to get the requisite paperwork.  (One of many secrets she kept to herself until her death.)

By the time the story opens, John is just a crusty old man, on the way to dementia.  He has no airs and graces, but is immensely proud of his daughter, his little mermaid.  The symbolic significance of this is that Marion is neither one thing nor the other, and with her legs metaphorically fused together, she is, for all her charm and elegance, frigid and infertile.

Her mother, Helen, OTOH, is a rigid, pious woman who judges herself as much as she judges others.  It is she who insists on estrangement from everyone and on maintaining the white façade at all times, even in the home, where — despite having little money — she apes what she thinks is the English way of life.

When Marion finally finds out, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission is at work.  The catalyst for her journey of discovery is a newspaper article about the story of Tokkie, the old Coloured woman who was the family servant, but also — unknown to Marion — her grandmother.  This comes at the same time as Marion has just hired Brenda, the first Black woman she’s ever employed, to work in her successful travel agency.

It’s interesting to see how the barriers between them teeter but never fully fall.

BEWARE: SPOILERS

Marion goes searching for the skeletons in her family background and to find the family she never had.  This part of the novel is infused with her confusion, dismay, shame and bitterness towards her father and mother (now dead).  Despite her quixotic dislike of travel, she abandons a faltering relationship with Geoff and on a whim travels to the UK.  In Glasgow she meets up with a charming Zulu man, but that comes to nothing because (with sanctions now lifted) he’s too busy negotiating oil deals between Glasgow and South Africa.

She returns to her father who is by now even more pitiful, but Brenda has been looking after him.  The story concludes with a party, with John’s sister Elsie and other guests crossing the racial divide.  It seems a  rather staged ending, but how else could Zicomb have created a hopeful ending?

You can read more about Zoë Wicomb and her role in the post-apartheid literature of South Africa, here.

Author: Zoë Wicomb (1948-2025)
Title: Playing in the Light
Publisher:  The New Press, 2006, first published in South Africa by Umuzi, (Random House) 2006
Cover design by Christine Sullivan/CStudio Design
ISBN: 9781595582218, pbk., 218 pages
Source: personal library, purchased from Readings $27.99


I read this book at this time for #20Booksof Winter hosted by Annabel.

To see my progress, click here.

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Spell the Month in Books July 2026

ImageSpell the Month in Books is a linkup hosted on Reviews From the Stacks on the first Saturday of each month, but that’s the day for #6Degrees, so here we are, running late. Very late, because there’s been a bit of a hiatus while Jana has been busy with her brand new baby, and I haven’t participated in this meme since March.

For the time being, there is no theme, so we can choose our own. Because ‘U’ is a tricky letter whenever it occurs in this meme, I decided to choose a book with ‘u’ in its title and then run with whatever genre it was in.  That gave me Under the Eye of the Big Bird (2016), by Hiromi Kawakami, translated by Asa Yoneda (2024), and that’s a work of speculative fiction, which dovetails nicely with the #SpeccyFicChal 2026 Speccy Fiction challenge hosted by Book’d Out. Links on the titles are to my reviews.

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J

A Wrong Turn at the Office of Unmade Lists (2013), by Jane Rawson

There are only 67 reviews of Speculative Fiction here on this blog,  so I decided to include author names as well as titles with the requisite letters for July.  That gave me one of my favourites in this genre: Jane Rawson’s A Wrong Turn at the Office of Unmade Lists. The central character Caddie is one of the most unforgettable in Australian fiction.

Yes, it’s a very odd plot.  And until a certain point in the novel I found it altogether too bizarre and I almost lost interest in it.  But Caddie – lost, lonely, self-deprecating Caddie – trying so hard to live some kind of a meaningful life despite her bereavement and the horrible state of this future Melbourne in all its ghastliness, wouldn’t let me toss the book aside.

U

Under the Eye of the Big Bird (2016), by Hiromi Kawakami, translated by Asa Yoneda (2024)

This was one of those books that tweaks itself into something much more interesting just when a reader is fed up with a novel that seems to be going nowhere.   My review doesn’t tell you how or why, but Rachel from Yarra Book Club rated it five stars at Goodreads and you can read her thoughts here.

L

Light over Liskeard, (2023) by Louis de Bernières

By complete coincidence the introduction to my review is almost word-for-word what happened this week when there was a Telstra Outage.  Only this was worse because all the regional  trains stopped running as well, so that people had to wait in near-freezing temperatures for replacement buses.  De Bernières novel didn’t seem so speculative back then in 2023 and despite all the promises made in 2023 it doesn’t seem so speculative now when we are all so dependent on the internet. Then again, maybe Q’s idyll doesn’t seem so farfetched.

As life in the cities gets more complicated, and our systems of electronic control begin to fall apart, Q flourishes in the wild Cornish countryside. His new way of life brings him back in tune with his teenage children, his ex-wife, and his own sense of who he is. He also grows close to Eva, energetic and enchanting, who is committed to her own quest for love and meaning.

Y

Fundamentally (2025) by Nussaibah Younis

I had to check with Google to see if this novel about a British deradicalisation program for ISIS brides was speculative fiction to meet my criteria. It seems that it is because for reasons I can’t imagine, deradicalisation programs take place after repatriation, not in the refugee camps where they might begin to solve a problem. Fundamentally was one of my favourites from the Longlist for the 2025 Women’s Prize for Fiction. It is both heartbreaking and hilarious.

Who would have thought that we might be chuckling over a dark comedy about the deradicalisation of ISIS brides marooned in a middle eastern refugee camp?

The book blurb has this to say:

A bitingly original, wildly funny and razor-sharp exploration of love, family, religion and the decisions we make in pursuit of belonging, Fundamentally upends and explores a defining controversy of our age with heart, complexity and humour.

I wonder if anybody is writing a novel about Australia’s recently repatriated ISIS brides??

 


Next month: August.  Two ‘u’s! That’ll be a challenge too.

2026 Australian Jewish Writer Awards shortlists

The 2026 Australian Jewish Writer Awards shortlists have been announced.  The winners will be announced on the 3rd of August at the Festival of the Spoken Word,  presented by Sydney Jewish Writers Festival.

The first thing I looked for was the Fiction shortlist, but they don’t have one.  There is a prize: the Szymon (Simon) Klitenik Award for Jewish Fiction is worth $5,000 prize to the winner, but the winner is announced at the awards ceremony.  It can be a novel or  a collection of short stories.  (The 2025 winner was Linda Margolin Royal for The Star on the Grave  (2024) see my review.)

So who might be eligible for this fiction prize? For obvious reasons, not every Jewish writer identifies publicly as such, and although I’ve read 37 books published in 2025, and three of those were fiction by Jewish authors, maybe there are more in contention for this prize that I don’t know about.  We’ll just have to wait and see!

Meanwhile, I was pleased to see that Ruptured — one of my two ANZ LitLovers Non-Fiction Books of the Yearhas been been nominated for the Leslie and Sophie Caplan Award for Jewish Non-Fiction.   The shortlist is

  • Ferryman: The life and deathwork of Ephraim Finch,  by Katia Ariel
  • All Consuming: Germans, Jews, and the Meaning of Meat, by John M. Efron
  • The Holy and the Broken by Ittay Flescher
  • Ruptured: Jewish Women in Australia Reflect on Life Post-October 7, edited by Lee Kofman and Tamar Paluch, see my review.

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Michael Gawenda won the 2025 NF award for My Life as a Jew which impressed The Spouse when he read it last year.

Among those nominated for the Bobby Adler Award for Young Jewish Writers is

  • Merav Fima for Late Blossoms, see my review
  • Anna Jacobson for All Rage Blaze Light, and
  • Shaina Rother for They Found Paradise: Retracing the Jewish History of Australia’s Gold Coast.

Past winners were Ellie Bouhadana for Ellie’s Table: Food from Memory and Food from Home in 2025 and in 2024 Anna Jacobson for her poetry collection Anxious in a Sweet Store (2023) see my review.

May be a doodle of text that says "2026 SHORTLIST The Bobby Adler Award for Young Jewish Writers Late Blossoms Meray Fima மகஷ்ஷ்ம் Aase ขีย All Rage Blaze Light THEY FOUND PARADISE bwjatnAisoromaiidiaro Shasol badsolkeher SHALOM COLLECTIVE™ Experiencing Jewieh Together AUSTRALIAN JEWISH WRITER AWARDS FUNDING FUNDINGPARTNER PARTNER JCA"

The poetry shortlist includes:

  • I Never Knew a Song Could Be a Knife by Jessica Chapnik Kahn
  • The Copper Pots by Marcelle Freiman
  • Sleep School by Leah Kaminsky.  I have reviewed two of her novels here.
  • Travelling to Jerusalem by Michael Leibowitz
  • Ashlonak by Sarah Sassoon and
  • Koldre by Gadia Zrihan

See J-Wire for nominees in the playwright category.

Thanks to the Shalom Collective for sharing the news on their Facebook page and for the images of the shortlisted books.

Masterchef at Home (2025), edited by Megan Johnston

ImageMasterchef Australia 2026 is coming towards the end of its season, with the finals not far off now.  A recent episode made me retrieve our copy of Masterchef at home (2025) to see if they had a recipe for choux pastry, which featured in some inspiring éclairs by contestant Petro.  Alas, though it does have some appealing sweets and desserts recipes, it doesn’t have anything made with choux pastry.

Remembering that we don’t seem to have cooked anything from this recipe book since buying it earlier this year, I browsed through it to see what might yet appeal.  What I found went some way towards explaining the mysterious results of a recent team challenge…

For those who are not Masterchef Tragics like us, the team challenge for this episode consisted of two teams, each led by one of the two judges, Andy Allen and Jean-Christophe Novelli, the only one of the four judges who is a qualified chef.  Each team had to cook a two-course meal featuring either pineapple (Andy’s team) or orange (Jean-Christophe’s team).  Both teams made equally impressive desserts, but Andy’s team won, with a pork dish that ‘heroed’ pineapple while the judges Sophia Levin (food writer and journalist) and previous contestant Poh Ling Yeow said they couldn’t taste ‘enough of’ the orange in the French duck a l’orange made by Jean-Christophe’s team. We were astonished — and we think he must have been too, though he is too much a good sport to show it.

Wikipedia tells us that Jean-Christophe is a restaurateur of international repute, runs a cooking school in London and

…is a 5/5 AA Rosette and multi Michelin Star award-winning chef who has also been dubbed “The Nation’s Favourite French Chef”, European Chef of Year finalist representing Great Britain, recipient of the prestigious Egon Ronay Dessert of the Year award.

ImageCanard à l’orange / duck in orange sauce is a signature dish in any French restaurant and of course the recipe is included in Jean-Christophe’s Simply Novelli cookbook.  The idea that a team led by a Michelin Star chef couldn’t make it properly is bizarre.  The question is not why didn’t it win, but how could there be criticism that it didn’t taste ‘enough’ of orange?

The answer, I think, might lie in the choice of recipes that feature in Masterchef at home.  I did a quick tally and I think it reveals that about half of the recipes contain chilli.  In this cookbook, introduced by Andy Allen and Poh Ling Yeow, there seems to be a preference for the robust spiciness of chilli in Asian cuisine over the subtle flavours that characterise European cuisine.

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This predominance explains why we haven’t used the Masterchef cookbook much.  It meets most of my criteria for a good cookbook: though the font is a little small for my eyesight, it has a clear layout, and is well illustrated with full colour photographs by Rob Palmer for each dish.  It doesn’t waste a lot of space on yada-yada about cultural heritage, it has a clear Table of Contents and a good index, plus also a conversion chart.  The desserts section is good: there are plenty of recipes suitable for a reasonably experienced home cook and the ingredients are all familiar and easy to acquire.   But as you can see from my tally, there are some sections that are inadequate if you don’t like chilli, or are catering for young children, picky eaters or diners with delicate stomachs.  Considering that poultry, pasta, rice & noodles are common favourites in the home kitchen, and this book is marketed at the home cook, there’s not much in this book that will suit.  Indeed, if you take out the sweets and desserts, 60% of the recipes contain chilli, some of them in quite startling amounts.

Of course if you’re not keen on chilli for whatever reason, it can be omitted or reduced, but then there’ s a crucial ingredient missing and the result may lack flavour or be bland.  That means that for some users about half of these recipes are useless.

My advice to any potential Masterchef contestants is this: make sure you have a good repertoire of recipes that feature chilli!

Editor: Megan Johnston
Title: Masterchef at home
Photography by Rob Palmer
Prop and food styling by David Morgan
Publisher: Pan Macmillan Australia, 2025
ISBN: 9781761771378, pbk., 172 pages
Source: Home cookbook library, purchased online by The Spouse

2026 Western Australian Premier’s Book Awards Shortlist.

The 2026 Western Australian Premier’s Book Awards Shortlist has been announced.

This shortlist shows me how valuable this prize is in bringing attention to books from WA, because I’ve only heard of one of the fiction books, and none of the NF.  However, I am surprised by some notable omissions.  I have read some fine novels that were published in 2025 that I think meet the eligibility criteria. Links are to my reviews.

Fiction Book of the Year

  • Chance and Necessity: A Novel of Narrogin and Williams by Rosanne Dingli
  • When She Was Gone by Sara Foster
  • King of Dirt by Holden Sheppard
  • I Am Nannertgarrook by Tasma Walton (abandoned)
  • O’Keefe by David Whish-Wilson

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Non-Fiction Book of the Year

  • My FIGHT with PD: A Neurologist with Parkinson’s Disease by David Blacker
  • No Time for Makeup: The Life of a Flying Doctor and Paediatrician by Dr Elizabeth Green
  • How Not to Become a Grumpy Old Bugger: A Bloke’s Guide to Living a Better Life by Geoff Hutchinson
  • The Shameful Isles: The True Story of North-West Australia’s Fatal Experiment with Medical Apartheid by David Price
  • Tjukurrpa Kurranyu. Tjukurrpa in the Front: The Yarnangu foundation for joint management in the Pila Nature Reserve by Jan Turner and Lizzie Marrkilyi Giles Ellis

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To see the nominees in other categories, see here.

Rabbit, Run (1960), by John Updike

ImageOne of my favourite virtual friends at Goodreads has a very low opinion of John Updike, bracketing him in what she calls The Macho Era along with Roth, Bellow, Kerouac, and Salinger.  She recognises that they were writers of their time but she’s lost patience with their misogyny .  I knew this before I started reading Rabbit, Run, which is listed in 1001 Books You Must Read Before You Die  and it made me think about why I haven’t (yet) entirely lost patience with American writers whose books feature characters I would despise in real life.

ImageI think the answer is that it’s a window onto a world that my generation has largely escaped.  This fiction shows vividly why we have books like Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963), The Second Sex (1949) by Simone de Beauvoir and The Female Eunuch (1970) by Germaine Greer.  It’s because Updike gives us an insight into how men thought about us in an era when there was no expectation that they might be better than that.  The Australian variant is The Glass Canoe (1976) by David Ireland, equally evocative of an ugly version of masculinity, see my review.

One of the points that Germaine Greer made in The Female Eunuch was that women’s liberation would benefit men too.  At the time she was writing, men bore the entire burden of being the family breadwinner.  Sure, they had the power.  Even when women had the vote, it was still powerful men who ran the world, the economy, the systems of society and its international and domestic rules. But when women were trapped into either the domestic drudgery of marriage or a spinsterhood of poorly paid insecure work, a man was trapped by their dependency too.

Rabbit has left his wife Janice on an impulse, driven to West Virginia, come back and picked up a woman called Ruth, and stayed with her overnight.  The next day he goes home to leave the car for Janice, because her father (a used car dealer) let them have it at a discount, so  he reckons it’s more hers than his.  He wants to be fair, it seems.

He’s walking back to Ruth when the local minister gives him a lift, and although to Rabbit’s surprise, he’s not given a lecture, Eccles asks him to explain himself.

Eccles continues, ‘You speak of this feeling of muddle.  What do you think it’s like for other young couples.  In what way do you think you’re exceptional?’

‘You don’t think there’s any answer to that but there is.  I once did something right.  I played first-rate basketball, I really did.  And after you’re first-rate at something, no matter what, it kind of takes the kick out of being second-rate.  And that little thing Janice and I had going, it was really second-rate. (p.92)

Updike’s novel shows us a man who is a has-been at the age of 26.  He married Janice because she was pregnant, and he has a soul-destroying job demonstrating vegetable peelers for the domestic kitchen.  They have a son called Nelson, and a baby on the way, and Janice, who is as fed up as he is, has a serious drinking problem, one which causes a terrible tragedy in the novel’s conclusion.  Ordinary as they both are, they are totally unsuited.

Although I’m not sorry I read it, I don’t need to write much about the dispiriting experience of reading this novel.  Wikipedia covers the plot, the characters, the themes and all the rest of it.  1001 Books You Must Read Before You Die (2006 edition) says that Rabbit is one of the towering figures of postwar American fiction; it remarks that Updike’s use of the present tense, commonplace now, was fairly innovative at the time, and it notes the distinctive third person narrative:

Although the bulk of the narrative takes place inside Harry’s head, it is not Harry’s voice that we hear, or not exactly.  In sensuous, elegant prose, Updike represents Harry’s consciousness in the language that Harry would use if only his mind moved as gracefully as his body once did on the basketball court.  (1001 Books You Must Read Before You Die, 2006 Edition, ABC Books, p. 531)

What I noticed particularly was when the narration switched to Janice’s almost ‘Joycean’ long interior monologue as the novel draws near to its conclusion. She’s exhausted by her crying baby; she’s hurt physically and emotionally by by Harry’s desire; she’s insecure because he’s left her before and she thinks he’s gone again; she’s stuck in a dingy flat with the two children, and she turns to the only comfort she has at hand: a bottle of whisky.  It’s a remarkably powerful depiction of self-indulgent despair.

ImageIt’s hard not to conjecture about how this book was received in 1960.  In the Author’s Afterword Updike explains how explicit sex scenes were excised from the first US edition, and even more so in the first UK edition.  Reading this 1963 restored and rewritten Penguin edition makes me wonder how those early editions sanitised the central character.  A reader could not then have grasped how selfish he is, or how he thinks of women as objects for his dominance and his rights over them.

The series consists of four novels and a novella, but although I have a copy of Rabbit at Rest, I’ve had enough of him and this summary at The Browser confirms my belief that it’s destined for recycling. (I have a copy of Couples too, and I don’t like the sound of that either.)

Author: John Updike
Title: Rabbit, Run (Rabbit Angstrom #1)
Publisher: Popular Penguins, Penguin Random House, 2008, first published in 1960
ISBN: 9780141037523, pbk, 280 pages including an Afterword by John Updike
Source: Personal library


I read this book at this time for #20Booksof Winter hosted by Annabel.

To see my progress, click here.

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Six degrees of separation, from Yesteryear to…

ImageThis month’s starter book for #6Degrees hosted by Kate at Books are My Favourite and Best is Yesteryear by Caro Claire Burke, and judging by 73 reserves ahead of me at the library, it is the new #MustRead novel of the year.  Fortunately I read an illuminating review of it at The Lotus Readers, and Kate and Rebecca at Yarra Book Club have read it already, so I have some idea what it’s about, and so that leads me to thinking about the pernicious effects of social media.

(I’ve been watching the public hearings of the Royal Commission into Antisemitism and Social Cohesion, and the expert evidence about the harmful effects of uncontrolled social media is frightening.  It’s not just the harm that we know about even if we’ve never seen it.  It’s that getting these things taken down in a timely manner and stopping harmful things such as the livestreaming of the massacre at the Christchurch mosque from going viral is very difficult because the billionaire owners are resistant to having ‘free speech’ curtailed. And if we didn’t already know it, research proves a link between abusive social media and actual harm. )

ImageAllow Me to Introduce Myself by Onyi Nwabineli  (2024, see my review) is about a young woman struggling to resolve her identity issues when her mother has used her as a social media influencer since she was born.  My generation used to look askance at baby shows judged by some local worthy or celebrity, but now they seem harmless enough even if they did imply that appearance was the most important thing about a child. The Guardian tells me that not so long ago an Australian clothing company’s baby pageant competition was cancelled because of out-of-control parents sledging the appearances of other parents’ infants.  

ImageOne of my favourite books of 2025 was The Benefactors by Wendy Erskine (2025, see my review.)  The story explored the fallout from a group of middle-class teenage boys assaulting a vulnerable girl, and the polyphonic narration includes social media commentary.  It shows very clearly how quickly people rise to judgement about things they know nothing about, and should keep out of.

May be an image of text that says "NORMALIZE NOT HAVING AN OPINION ON THINGS YOU AREN'T PROPERLY INFORMED ON."

ImageThe thing is, for most of us who curate our exposure to social media, it’s comparatively benign.  In Catherine Chidgey’s The Beat of the Pendulum (2017, see my review) social media is just part of the background noise of a life:

This ‘found novel’ is a remarkable experiment in fiction, drawing on – or purporting to be – the language that was all around the author.  In twelve chapters named for the months of the year, a life is laid bare through language that is both impersonal (TV, radio, social media, email, SatNav) and intensely personal – her conversations with friends and family, apparently recorded on her iPhone.

ImageBut Chidgey has a more nuanced view of social media in her award-winning The Axeman’s Carnival (2022, see my review)

Marnie rescues a magpie that fell from its nest and raises the chick, which becomes her saviour in more ways that one. It is not just that this magpie can speak and narrates the story in an utterly convincing voice… it is also that its presence changes the dynamic in the couple’s relationship and lifts the curtain to reveal it to the wider world.

Social media is both a villain and a hero in this novel…

ImageWith remarkable acuity, Chidgey’s next novel, however, shows that interpersonal cruelty doesn’t need anonymity to be harmful.  The back story in Pet (2023, see my review) is set in the 80s, before the internet became an inescapable part of our lives  and it shows that the menace of influencers is nothing new.  What’s needed is vigilance, and a willingness to intervene.

ImageOn a lighter note is Duncan Sarkies’ Star Gazers (2025, see my review) which is a satire about politics which has alpacas in a starring role.  As the battle between the Breeders Party and the Reformers plays out, Star Gazers is a brilliant exposé of characteristics we’ve all seen in politicians.  The villain of the piece is a piece of work called Shona, and she appoints her niece as ‘social media manager’ and I can’t resist quoting this passage again:

Bianca thinks that Pat spends too long on each article.  Bianca demonstrated how to get ChatGPT to write the first drafts and then how, with a few quick adjustments to make it seem more human, this method speeds up the process so they can make more content, post more frequently.  Bianca knows how to create feel-good clickbait that leads to feedback loops to keep a constant flow going.  Pat thinks it is a constant flow of diarrhoea, but for Bianca, quantity beats quality every time. (p.239-40)

I don’t know if I’ll ever read Yesteryear, but I am pleased to see that authors are exposing the rotten underbelly of social media in contemporary fiction.

Image credit: Dr. Dad: Raising Critical Thinkers https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=1453957143417100&set=a.345967204216105

 

 

2026 Hazel Rowley Fellowship winner, and sad news about the future of the award

Edited 4/7/26 to add links below to

  • my review of Art as Life, the Biographical Writing of Hazel Rowley by Della Rowley
  • Caroline Baum’s Life Sentences podcasts

This is very belated news about the 2026 Hazel Rowley Fellowship winner.  It was announced in March, but somehow, I didn’t find time to post about it.  And I should have because although, sadly, this is the last year of the award, it has been one of our most important awards, providing financial support to Australian biography since 2012.  All of us who care about Australian stories owe an enormous debt of gratitude to Hazel’s sister Della Rowley, and the family and friends whose generosity established the award in memory of of preeminent biographer Hazel Rowley (1951-2011).

Click the links to read my reviews of Hazel’s biographies.

ImageI’ve also read Della Rowley’s Life as Art, the Biographical Writings of Hazel Rowley (2021, see my review)


What follows is from the announcement on the Hazel Rowley Fellowship website:

The winner of the 2026 Hazel Rowley Literary Fellowship, worth $20,000, is Jennifer Martin, who is writing a biography of journalist Eva Sommer, who in 1956, at the age of 22, beat a field of experienced men to win Australia’s first national prize for journalism, a Walkley Award. When Eva died in 2019 aged 84, this principled, courageous and complex daughter of Jewish immigrants who fought to live and love on her terms had been forgotten: this biography will tell that story.

Jennifer Martin is a Senior Lecturer in Communication at Deakin University, where her research interests include literary journalism and Australian media history. Jennifer won the United Nations of Australia Media Peace Prize for her reporting and has 30 years’ experience as a journalist. She is also the author of two young adult novels.

ImageThis year the judges also gave Highly Commended awards, worth $10,000 each, to Monique Rooney, Theodore Ell and Ashleigh Wilson. Monique is writing a biography of Australian/New Zealand writer Ruth Park, Theodore is writing a biography of Australian poet Les Murray, and Ashleigh is writing a biography of Barry Humphries.

The announcement on 11 March at State Library Victoria followed a discussion between Tim Byrne and Lance Richardson, our 2020 Fellow, about his biography True Nature: The Lives of Peter Matthiessen  (Chatto & Windus, 2025).


As you can see from this list of previous winners include, the Fellowship has made an astonishing contribution to Australian literature, and there are four more titles yet to come.

  • 2026, Jennifer Martin for her biography of journalist Eva Sommer.
  • 2025 Michelle Staff for her biography of Bessie Rischbieth and Olive Evans
  • 2024 Kate Fullagar for her biography of Marguerite Wolters
  • 2023 Diane Bell for her biography of Louisa Karpany and George Mason, ‘The Queen and the Protector’
  • 2022 Naomi Parry Duncan for her biography of Gai-mariagal man, published in 2026 as Musquito, the real story of a legendary colonial warrior 
  • 2021 Mandy Sayer for her biography of Australian silent filmmakers, the McDonagh sisters, published in 2022 as Those Dashing McDonagh Sisters: Australia’s First Female Filmmaking Team, see my review
  • 2020 Lance Richardson for his biography of Peter Matthiessen, published in 2025 as True Nature: The Lives of Peter Matthiessen
  • 2019 Eleanor Hogan for her biography of Ernestine Hill and Daisy Bates, published in 2021 as Into the Loneliness : The unholy alliance of Ernestine Hill and Daisy Bates.
  • 2018 Jacqueline Kent (NSW) for a biography of suffragist Vida Goldstein. published in 2020 as Vida: A woman for our time
  • 2017 Ann-Marie Priest (QLD) for her biography of Australian poet Gwen Harwood, published in 2022 as My Tongue is My Own, on my TBR.
  • 2016 Matthew Lamb (TAS) for his biography of Frank Moorhouse, published in 2023 as Frank Moorhouse: Strange PathsSee my review.
  • 2015 Caroline Baum (NSW), for a biography of Lucie Dreyfus (1870-1945). See here for why it never eventuated and the Life Sentences podcasts that replaced it.
  • 2014 Maxine Beneba Clarke (VIC) for her memoir, The Hate Race, published in 2016. Read, but not reviewed, sorry! See Brona’s review.
  • 2013 Stephany Steggall (QLD) for her biography of Thomas Keneally, published  in 2015 as Interestingly Enough. (See my review)
  • 2012, Mary Hoban (VIC),for her biography An Unconventional Wife: The Life of Julia Sorell Arnold, published in 2019.

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Joan Lindsay (2025), by Brenda Niall

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Joan Lindsay: The Hidden Life of the Woman Who Wrote Picnic at Hanging Rock by Brenda Niall was longlisted for the 2026 Magarey Medal for Biography.  Established in 2004 by historian Dr. Susan Magarey, the biennial prize is administered by Association for the Study of Australian Literature and the Australian Historical Association.  Only female authors are eligible.

This is this year’s longlist, with the shortlisted titles underlined:

  • Fearless Beatrice Faust (Judith Brett, Text), see my review
  • Max Dupain: A Portrait (Helen Ennis, 4th Estate)
  • Joan Lindsay: The Hidden Life of the Woman Who Wrote Picnic at Hanging Rock (Brenda Niall, Text)
  • One Free Woman: The True Story of Convict Hannah Rigby (Jane Smith, Big Sky)
  • Code of Silence: How Australian Women Helped Win the War (Diana Thorp, Monash University Publishing)
  • Elizabeth Harrower: The Woman in the Watch Tower (Susan Wyndham, NewSouth).

Brenda Niall’s Joan Lindsay was published to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the film 1975 Picnic at Hanging Rock, and I wouldn’t be surprised if it were commissioned to take advantage of that. But notwithstanding a generous review of this biography by Catriona Menzies-Pike at The Guardian, I’m surprised that it was longlisted.  It is, IMO, an insubstantial biography for two reasons: firstly because Lindsay only wrote two books of any note, i.e. Time without Clocks, (1962, see my review), and Picnic at Hanging Rock, (1967) which needs no introduction because of the iconic film that bears its name; and secondly because Joan Lindsay deliberately curated her own life to guard her privacy, making the biographer’s task very difficult.  So, without a comprehensive archive of documentary records, and with most people who actually knew Lindsay (1896-1984) having passed away, Niall had only scraps of information with which to write a biography.

Unfortunately the resulting biography too often resorts to padding out the biography with speculation and unsubstantiated opinions only partly ameliorated with caveats, and with selective use of archival information about the people in Lindsay’s life.  Of course, all biographers are necessarily selective in what information they use, but ethically, they owe it to their subject and the reader to be judicious in how they do it.  Reading this book has been a catalyst for me to think more deeply about what I expect from a biography…


Conventional biographies use multiple sources to create a portrait of the subject.  Many of them tell the story in a chronological way, i.e. ‘from cradle to grave’, but sometimes tracing ancestry if it’s relevant to the life.  There have always been examples of biographies that for one reason or another have sanitised the record, omitting or concealing unflattering aspects, and the task is always more difficult if the subject is still alive.  Whether the biography is authorised or not, sometimes the biographer feels constrained about pursuing some angles, and sometimes the subject clams up and refuses to answer questions.

But as in the case of Joan Lindsay, sometimes the subject has decluttered or curated her life so that some things just can’t be known.  Nobody’s ever going to write a biography about me, but still, there are parts of my life that I’ve excised.  While The Ex was doing his National Service, we maintained a daily, year-long correspondence, and I kept those letters all throughout the years of the marriage, and for some years afterwards.  So, hypothetically speaking, if a biographer knew that they had existed, what speculation would their disposal trigger? Probably nonsense. I didn’t dispose of them out of bitterness or out of anxiety about who might find them and jump to conclusions, but because they made me feel nostalgic and it was time to move on.

But those letters would have been a biographer or a novelist’s treasure: a wonderful record not just of a young couple in love but separated by conscription, but a snapshot of daily life during a turbulent era in Australia.  Where else would there be a record of the time I concussed myself and the Army wouldn’t give permission for him to come down to Melbourne? Or the time staff in the State Film Centre were in Lockdown because of Moratorium demonstrations in the adjacent park? Or when I risked my job by refusing to make coffee for the OIC because of my emerging sense of feminism? (Yes, I did get a dressing-down from the 2IC, but nobody ever asked me to make coffee again.)

When Brenda Niall took on writing a biography of Joan Lindsay, it was decades after her death in 1984.  There were limited documents at her disposal, and the friends and acquaintances who actually knew her childless subject were mostly dead.  And since by Niall’s own account Lindsay had long periods of time and solitude in which to write or paint, the paucity of her oeuvre can’t convincingly be put down to wifedom or an oppressive husband.  She wrote a forgettable first novel called Through Darkest Pondelayo (1936), Time without Clocks (1962) came almost 30 years later, and then Picnic at Hanging Rock in 1967.  In between, her efforts at journalism (for the Women’s Pages) and fiction were sporadic and they mostly didn’t find an audience.  She wasn’t part of the Nettie Palmer network of correspondence that supported and encouraged 20th century women writers such as Marjorie Barnard and Flora Eldershaw, and it’s not hard to see why not.

And so the biographer speculates, too often to suit her personal agendas about Lindsay’s privileged class background, and with not very convincing feminist interpretations of  Lindsay’s choice to defer her own career ambitions in favour of her dynamic husband, Daryl Lindsay.

My journal is littered with exasperated comments about the shortcomings of this biography, but I’ll confine myself to noting that it was shabby to record that Daryl worked at Sidcup sketching the mangled faces of WW1 veterans under the direction of plastic surgeons — without bothering to name them as New Zealanders Harold Gillies and Henry Pickerill who were pioneers of reconstructive surgery.

ImageI was also peeved by the representation of the Jewish refugee Ursula Hoff AO OBE FAHA as the (suspected) Other Woman in Daryl’s life and by the scant recognition of her astonishing achievements as an art historian and prolific author on art.  Arriving in Australia in 1939, Hoff overcame antisemitism and gender discrimination to become the first qualified professional art historian at the NGV, deputy director of the NGV in 1968, and the London Adviser for the Felton Bequest (1975-1983) so we owe many of our finest paintings to her. She also lectured at the University of Melbourne to lucky students of Fine Arts.  She published numerous monographs and books, and in our modest collection of art books we have one of hers, co-written with Margaret Plant (1968): National Gallery of Victoria: Painting, Drawing, Sculpture. Niall’s bio is, of course, not about Hoff, but in seeking to talk up Joan Lindsay’s achievements and possible resentments, the tone about Hoff is offhand.

I have held a longstanding admiration for Brenda Niall as a biographer, and have read most of her major works, but IMO Joan Lindsay is not one of her best.

Author: Brenda Niall
Title: Joan Lindsay, the hidden life of the woman who wrote Picnic at Hanging Rock
Publisher: Text Publishing, 2025
Cover design by Imogen Stubbs
ISBN: 9781923058019, pbk., 248 pages including 22 pages of Notes (endnotes); Select Bibliography; List of Illustrations (for a colour insert of 8 pages); acknowledgements; and an Index.
Source: Personal library, purchased from Readings, $36.99

Image credit:

National Gallery of Victoria: Painting, Drawing, Sculpture : https://www.abebooks.co.uk/first-edition/National-Gallery-Victoria-Painting-Drawing-Sculpture/222673866/bd

Tenderfoot (2025), by Toni Jordan

ImageToni Jordan’s Tenderfoot, I thought, would be an enjoyable undemanding novel to read while they monitored my recovery from sedation in hospital.  A bit of brain fog after the fancy heart tests, but not like having a real anaesthetic.  At the library I’d stumbled on the large print edition too, so I settled down to read it with ease and had read about a quarter of it by the time I  was allowed to go home.

It turned out to be as expected: smart working class kid coping with family breakup and friend/ex-friend issues at school.  At home that night, I finished Thirst first (only because I’d listed it in #20BooksOfWinter), and the next day returned to Tenderfoot.  

And found it taking a much darker turn than I’d thought.  Maybe I’d had more brain fog than I realised…

Andie is in the last year of primary school when her father, a small-time greyhound trainer, leaves the family and Steve moves in.  He’s a big, intimidating man, but he’s patient with her erratic, abusive mother, and he takes an interest in Andie which had me suspecting that he had plans for her which would make me put the book aside.  But no, this is a book about gambling addiction and the people who prey on it.

Andie is a smart, perceptive child but she’s only twelve and her perceptions are limited.  She doesn’t know what’s going on, only that Steve represents a threat to her mother.  She plans before she acts, but she’s too young to understand the complications.

Not the least of which is that Queensland at that time was in the grip of corruption that facilitated illegal brothels, gambling and drugs, with a network of bribery and extortion that went all the way from the local police force to the premier of the state.  Tenderfoot is almost historical fiction so younger readers of Jordan’s novel may not know anything about this, but it’s recent history for my generation and the revelations of the Fitzgerald Inquiry (1987-1989) shocked Australia.

Toni Jordan has an article at The Guardian which sheds a light on the autobiographical elements of the novel.

ImageIt’s a shame that the cover designer of this edition isn’t acknowledged.  I don’t know who did the design for the other editions of Tenderfoot, but that poignant painting of a greyhound in the Aurora edition is pitch perfect.

Author: Toni Jordan
Title: Tenderfoot
Publisher: Aurora, Ulverscroft UK, (2025, by arrangement with Hachette)
Cover image not acknowledged
ISBN: 9781399197021, pbk., large print edition, 295 pages
Source: Kingston Library

 

Thirst (2016), by Benjamin Warner

ImageSome books find their way onto my shelves by subterfuge, I am sure of it.  I have no idea why I paid full price for this apocalyptic (so-called) literary thriller.  The only explanation I can come up with is that the initial premise is interesting, and since I bought it during lockdown, perhaps I was trying to keep my favourite booksellers in business.

The book description from Goodreads is longer than this, but this is what’s on the back of the book and it’s probably what featured in Readings’ online catalogue:

Thirst takes place in the immediate aftermath of a mysterious disaster.  Eddie, his wife Laura and their neighbours suffer the effects of the heat, their thirst and the terrifying realisation that no one is coming to help.  As violence rips through the community, Eddie and Laura are forced to recall dark secrets and question their present humanity.  In crisp and convincing prose, Benjamin Warner compels readers to do the same.

The author of this novel teaches creative writing at Towson University and has an MFA from Cornell University.  He is also the co-author of the recently published Speculative Fiction: A Writer’s Guide and Anthology.  The attributes of speculative fiction are clearly his area of expertise and not mine, so I shall refrain from commenting on the features that IMHO preclude this novel from being described as literary and confine myself to the one factor that kept me reading it. 

Imagine that one day, in the place where you live, for unspecified reasons and with no means of contacting emergency services or anyone else, all the public infrastructure fails.  Look around your home.  What do you have to sustain yourself and your loved ones when there are no water or energy supplies?

This is what I have:

  • three water tanks holding about 4000 litres of water; enough potable water in old wine bottles to last two people and a dog for three, maybe four days; and a reservoir of water (which like the tank water would need to be filtered and boiled) from toilet cisterns and the hot water service.
  • a pantry with some tinned food that can be eaten without cooking it.  Baked beans, tinned tomatoes, some sardines. In the garden, some spring onions and capsicums, an aubergine, potatoes coming along and lots of herbs.  Enough to last a spartan week or so.
  • a barbecue in the garden that could be used to cook foods out of the rapidly defrosting freezer;
  • two mobile phones and a solar phone charger that doesn’t fit either of them because phone companies keep changing the connections.

ImageI am not a ‘Prepper‘, but I have these resources because, anticipating short term disruptions to utilities in the event of heat waves or floods, I took advice from Jane Rawson and James Whitemore’s The Handbook, Surviving and Living with Climate Change, which I reviewed here in 2015.  But none of these resources would be any use to me if my neighbours are ill-prepared, because I will either share with them voluntarily or have my resources taken from me.  Even nice people behave badly when the survival of their loved ones is at stake.  And depending on how long the crisis lasts, there will come a point when sharing, voluntary or otherwise, starts to impact on whether my loved ones and I will survive.

This then, is the premise of the novel, which traces the ineffectual responses of its characters.  Australian research about bushfire readiness shows that most people overestimate their preparedness, that they never practise their bushfire plan if indeed they have one, and that when the crisis comes the leader who emerges in the panic is the one who is best at bossing people around but not at multi-tasking or acting strategically.  #Surprise! Eddie automatically assumes leadership even though he makes stupid decisions right from the start.

ImageEddie and Laura in the novel have always taken their suburban lifestyle for granted and they have no concept of working together as a community because they barely know their neighbours. The 2017 edition doesn’t beat about the bush: the front cover doesn’t ask ‘what would you sacrifice for a drop of water?’ as mine does.  It states unequivocally that ‘when all water disappears, Thirst won’t be the only killer.’   It’s not really a surprise when we see how quickly the characters are transformed from their previous selves and violence becomes the normal response.

ImageI thought of Erika Dreifus’s Quiet Americans (2011) which I have just read when Eddie and Laura set out to hike to salvation somewhere over the hill.  They are not likeable characters, not even in the beginning.  They’re just thoughtless, not very bright, complacent and self-absorbed.  Though they are not victims of deliberate expulsion, they represent, probably, what most people might be like when they are confronted with having to leave everything they have and seek refuge elsewhere. Like refugees everywhere they have little or no time to plan, little or no understanding of what might lie ahead, and they have to make cruel choices about what to bring and what to leave behind.  Being caught up in a crisis doesn’t automatically make people resourceful and resilient if they’re not already like that.

We saw on our TV screens what happened during Hurricane Katrina in 2005.  And that happened when authorities knew in advance what was in store.  As I write, Europe is sweltering through a heat wave, for which most people are unprepared.  This (somewhat smug) ABC article points out some obvious differences between Australian preparedness for heat waves, but it’s hardly practical to talk about Queenslander house design.  More useful is for people to learn what can be done to retrofit existing housing to insulate it with trees, awnings, blinds and heavy curtains.  (Our house is really well insulated now, but before I had all these things in place, I’ve even used quilts and doona covers over the windows to keep out the heat).  And in the short term, people need to know strategies to rapidly cool an overheated body, especially for babies and old people who should be kept in the shade. Running cold water or sponging over wrist pulse points, or dangling a hand in a fountain will cool the body in a minute or two.

So… Thirst, well, not my kind of book.  But thought-provoking all the same.

Author: Benjamin Warner
Title: Thirst
Publisher: Bloomsbury, 2016
Cover design by David Mann
ISBN: 9781408865057, pbk., 286 pages
Source: Personal Library, purchased from Readings $27.99


I read this book at this time for #20Booksof Winter hosted by Annabel.

To see my progress, click here.

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Quiet Americans (2011), by Erika Dreifus

ImageIndividually, each story in this collection captures the dilemmas of ordinary people caught up seismic events and how the forced choices they made haunt them into any new life they are able to make.  But collectively, they form a composite novel exploring memory, guilt, and isolation amid others who know nothing about that past because the urge to ‘fit in’ combines with a desire to forget, to suppress memories and to maintain a stoic silence. And although some of these are stories of American Jews who got out of Germany just in time, and the Holocaust they escaped from is unique in human history, there is a universality about the experiences of that refugee generation.  I have read many stories of the refugee experience in memoir and in fiction, and all of them involve hellish choices.

ImageWhen to leave and when to hang on a little bit longer?  Who to bring, and who to leave behind?  Who to trust and tell, and from whom the plans must be concealed, for their sake or in case of betrayal?  What to bring for a journey where what matters at the final destination cannot be known.  I am reminded of Walter Kempowski’s All for Nothing (2006, see my review) when finally the family evacuates to escape the Soviet troops advancing towards Berlin, and of all the Stuff that they take — and have to shed — on the way.  It is strange how I have forgotten so many of the details of that book I read only three years ago, but have retained a vivid image of Auntie the unpaid and undervalued housekeeper, plodding along, burdened by heirlooms she cherished as signifiers of the family’s status, and thus her own. And all for nothing…

The chaos of evacuation reminded me of Irene Nemirovsky’s portrayal of the evacuation of Paris in Suite Française. People take all kinds of Stuff, because they have no idea of what lies ahead.  Wealthy people take more Stuff because they have it and they have no understanding of what might be needed for survival.  Or of what might be left to them after the looters have done what they do for their own survival.  Or of what might have value as a family heirloom.

The first story in Quiet Americans is ‘For Services Rendered, and it is fraught with dilemmas when help to escape comes from an unexpected source.  But their potential saviour is a powerful, very busy man pressured by his wife, and the offer is only to help Dr Ernst Weldmann, his wife Klara and their two daughters.  It is risky to ask if the help could be extended to his sister and her family.  He is in dispute with his wife about this.  And later, when there are Allied trials at Nuremburg and elsewhere, he is again in dispute with his wife about whether to write in support of some clemency for their saviour’s wife.  Klara has no doubts about good and evil; Ernst is not so sure.

‘Matrilineal Descent’ is set further back in time, back to the rule of the Kaiser and the unhappy life of a child born to the beautiful sister who dies, and is brought up by his jealous aunt after his father enlists in the Kaiser’s army in 1914.

If, when Jacob left the house late that summer, he had turned back—if he had run home to hold his infant boy one last time, if he had decided he must reassure himself that his child was going to be well cared for—he would have found Josef still screaming, alone, for hours, screaming until there was no sound left to emerge from his poor raw throat, while Emma went about her business, cleaning and cooking and thinking that a child so ill-behaved did not deserve to be fed that day. Discipline. That was what a child needed. (p.57)

People call these ‘sliding door moments’ but sometimes they are more grievous than the comic scenes we see in romcoms.  Little Josef survived his aunt, and he got away from Germany just in time too.  (The next story ‘Lebensraum’ explains how.) He wasn’t there when his Aunt was deported along with all the other Jews of Altheim.

For Josef in 1944, safely in America and working as a baker in a POW camp for Germans,  survival had come about because his grandfather’s death from diabetes. It made his decision to leave easier.

And the dream, his own dream, his own sadness: his grandfather, wrapped in the prayer shawl Josef managed to carry on the ship. Wrapped in the shawl and chanting the prayers and blessings that Josef still recited every day, every Sabbath, every festival, even if he hadn’t entered a house of worship since 1937, since he was last in Altheim, since he last stood at Opa’s still-fresh grave. If his grandfather had lived, Josef might not have left, no matter how much his uncle in the city had tried to persuade him. (p.74)

‘Homecoming’ is heartbreaking.  Josef and his wife Nelly are given airline tickets for their anniversary by their son Mickey and his wife Paula.  But this trip ‘home’ to try for some reconciliation with the past is in 1972, the year of the Munich Olympics.  As news of the atrocity breaks, Nelly sits stunned in the hotel room ( as we did, here in Australia):

Nelly sat on the sofa, sentences coalescing in silence. It is a Tuesday in September. I am in Europe. Two hours from my old home. And the Jews are again the targets.
I have to get out of here.
I have to get out of here.

But instead they continued to sit by the television. Early in the afternoon, Daniel looked over to her.

“Maybe it isn’t the right day,” he began. “But do you want to see your father’s grave? Maybe try the apartment again today, too?”

She shook her head. Because it wasn’t the right day. (p.89)

‘Floating’ is a poignant story about being pregnant in the days when there were no anxiety-inducing tests, and the remnants of European Jewry took simple joy in the prospect of rebuilding their families.  ‘Quiet Americans’ is about the rudeness of tour guides who  have an axe to grind over wartime history, and make assumptions about who their audience is.  (I have one of those moments in my store of holiday anecdotes too!) ‘Mishpocha’ has a surprising twist about identity.


I am not sure how I came to have this title on my Kindle, but alongside #20BooksOFWinter, I am trying to clear the list of Kindle books I’ve listed as ‘currently reading’ at Goodreads but they’ve been untouched for ages.  One down, and two to go! One is Touba and the Meaning of Night by Shahrnush Parsipur which is from Iran, and the other is Widening the Skirts of Light: Essays on George Eliot by Rohan Maitzen who blogs at Novel Readings.  Rohan lectures on George Eliot at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia so the book was irresistible — because George Eliot is my favourite 19th century English author and Middlemarch is my favourite 19th century novel.


I shall be away with the fairies while they take fancy pictures of my heart tomorrow so I’m scheduling this for Friday, but with luck I shall be back in the afternoon with no sign of brain fog and ready to read your comments!

Update, after lunch: Thanks for the good wishes, I’m home again, none the worse for wear except a slight sore throat from when they put the probe in. (It’s nothing, compared to having my tonsils out aged 4.)  But I’m a bit dopey from the sedation, so I’m going to loaf on the sofa with something mindless on the telly.  I’ll get the results next week and then we will have A PLAN.

Author: Erika Dreifus
Title:  Quiet Americans
Publisher: Last Light Studio Books, 2011
Cover design not acknowledged
ASN: B004UAYWQ4 (ISBN: 9780982708439), Kindle Edition, 164 pages
Source: purchased for the Kindle from You Know Who.

Madame Verona Comes Down the Hill (2009), by Dimitri Verhulst, translated by David Colmer

ImageI bought this so long ago that can’t remember why I wanted it… but I think I read it through a different prism to those who interpreted it as a poignant story about an old woman’s grief.  This is a book that will resonate differently, depending on the age of the reader.

This is the book description

Years ago, Madame Verona and her husband built a home for themselves on a hill in a forest above a small village. There they lived in isolation, practising their music, and chopping wood to see them through the cold winters.
When Mr Verona died, the locals might have expected that the legendary beauty would return to the village, but Madame Verona had enough wood to keep her warm during the years it would take to make a cello — the instrument her husband loved — and in the meantime she had her dogs for company.
And then one cold February morning, when the last log has burned, Madame Verona sets off down the village path, with her cello and her memories, knowing that she will have no strength to climb the hill again. Poignant, precise and perfectly structured, this is a story of one woman’s tender and enduring love — as a wife, and as a widow.

I think this novella is more of a cautionary tale, and I think that the author’s  flippant and discursive tone is intended to alert the read to more than the story’s diverting context.

Madame Verona and her husband deliberately chose an isolated hideaway for a home.  In widowhood, Madame Verona has stayed in this secluded place until one day, when she is 82 and has used up the supply of chopped firewood her husband had left for her, she goes down the hill, knowing that she lacks the strength to climb back up the hill.  That’s it.  We know what’s going to happen. It’s a choice to die on her own terms. Someone will find her eventually, frozen to death.

Before long #SpoilerAlert we learn that her husband’s thoughtful act of provisioning with the wood takes place after Monsieur Potter is diagnosed with cancer.   He chops up 20 years’ worth of wood and then hangs himself.  This is framed by some readers as a thoughtful act too, deciding to spare Madame Verona the burden of looking after him.  But that is not actually what the text says.   He visits Dr Lunette (this isolated village has to make do with a vet) and makes up his mind very quickly.  It seems to me that he wants to spare himself. That’s not unreasonable, but let’s not romanticise it:

The only thing Monsieur Potter had really considered while sitting between the skeletons in her waiting room was his hypochondriac tendency. But the pain that had floated between kidney and lung for weeks on end and whose location he, to Dr Lunette’s immense displeasure, was unable to specify to the exact millimetre was, in combination with his nocturnal coughing fits and the threads of blood he found in his saliva every morning, difficult to brush off as a symbol. And since he was, after all, a smoker, she gave her diagnosis without any trace of pity — only yourself to blame — and he accepted it immediately.  He had no desire to wait for the immaculate white of a hospital room where he would rot away until the ECG plateaued and a beeping machine called the hospital corpse washers to attention and got them sopping their sponges. (p.44)

Surely the reader who imagines the next step i.e. his wife —  alone —finding his body swinging from the tree, and then having to deal with it (remember, their house is remote, a long way from the village) would conclude that this was not an act of love designed to spare her anything.  Even if there is a poem in chapter V that tells her not to wait for his time to come.   Even if he did chop down a forest of wood to keep her warm afterwards.  These are not decisions made jointly by a loving couple.  This is him, making decisions for her.

ImageI don’t have any religious scruples about Voluntary Assisted Dying or people choosing to end their own lives, but I do think that (unless there’s mental illness which usually waives moral responsibility), very great care ought to be taken to prevent trauma for those left behind to deal with the fallout. Steven Amsterdam’s thoughtful The Easy Way Out (2016, see my review) explores the impact on a palliative care nurse working in a system where assisted suicide is legal,

Madame Verona is a book that demands to be read between the lines.  Yes, she did and does love him, and yes, she complies with his intentions and stays alone in the house until the wood runs out, but this is a fate that befalls anyone who invests everything in one person, choosing to mourn for what is lost, choosing not to make friends with the eccentrics in the village, choosing not to move on, and choosing not to make a new life elsewhere.  Preferring to remember their love life than submit to desire ever again.  (And she’s only 62 when he dies, remember.)

But in his determination not to make a weepie of it, Verhulst adopts a curious tone throughout.  There’s no lingering over Madame Verona’s fate, there are light-hearted digressions even when it doesn’t seem appropriate at all.  On the fateful day when Madame V sets off to meet her death, the reader is distracted by a scornful depiction of cyclists…

Four worthless and clearly reluctant roads connected the hill the hill to the rest of the world, and of these four, Madame Verona had chosen, on that February day, to come down the most difficult. The forest path, whose gradient and impassability were such that on weekends an array of idiots worked their way up it on mountain bikes, guys who were convinced that tormenting the body was the price death demanded for a long and limber life. When they finally reached the top they were pale and immediately began guzzling disgustingly colourful regenerative soft drinks, but the effort had undoubtedly given them the courage to sit through another week at a desk where the pot plants summoned up memories of the nature documentaries that consoled their atavism of an evening. (p.29)

And look at the way Verhulst first tells the reader about the fate of Monsieur Potter’s father!

Although his father had hanged himself from a branch at a relatively young age, Monsieur Potter was touchingly ignorant when it came to trees. (p.26)

There is then a two-page digression about how Potter did know a (very) little bit about trees, before we get to…

All this could give the impression that he did know something about trees, but he was never able to tell us what kind of tree his father hanged himself from. That was probably for the best , because otherwise he might have been unable to resist searching for associations and meanings that were possibly non-existent.  For the sake of completeness, we should mention his knowledge of palm trees, which he knew mainly from movies and thought of as deformed pineapples.  (p.28)

And then when Madame Verona gives Charlo the job of cutting down the tree that her husband had hanged himself from — to the immense joy of the wifeless — it becomes a signifier that she might have cast off her mourning and might perhaps be interested in having a relationship or a fling with one of the men who’ve been fantasising about that possibility from the moment her widowhood began.

Whatever Verhulst intended, for me, this curious tone undercuts any poignancy the reader is meant to feel about these three suicides.

Tender and enduring love? Or a woman who wasted the last twenty years of her life?

Google tells me that Verhulst is widely recognized for his dark tragicomedies, grotesque humour, and poignant depictions of characters living on the fringes of society.  Wikipedia tells me that his writing style has been characterized as sarcastic but compassionate. His use of language can be explicit and hilarious. 

Let’s just say it’s not for me.

Also reviewed at She Reads Novels.

Author: Dimitri Verhulst
Title: Madame Verona Comes Down the Hill (Mevrrouw Verona daalt de heuvel af)
Translated from the Dutch by David Colmer
Publisher: Portobello Books, 2009
Cover design by Friederike Huber
ISBN: 9781846271564, pbk with French flaps, 145 pages
Source: Personal library.


I read this book at this time for #20Booksof Winter hosted by Annabel.

To see my progress, click here.

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Railsong (2026), by Rahul Bhattacharya

ImageImageRemember that marvellous novel, The Sly Company of People Who Care (2011) which won The Hindu Literary Prize  in 2011 and the Royal Society of Literature Ondaatje Prize in 2012?  I read it for the Shadow Jury when it was shortlisted for the  Man Asian Literary Prize (2011), but it was also longlisted for the  DSC Prize for South Asian Literature in 2013.  We’ve had to wait 15 years for a successor, but Rahul Bhattacharya has done it again with his new novel Railsong.  And while the two novels couldn’t be more different — Railsong has a female central protagonist for a start — once again it’s about the coming-of-age for an individual and the coming-of-age of a decolonised country.

This is the book description:

In a newly independent India charged with national vigour, Charu Chitol, the motherless daughter of a railway worker, dares to imagine a different future for herself.

As diesel engines replace steam and the calamitous churn of drought, famine and a great strike engulfs her town, Charu flees the oppressive domesticity of her childhood for the alluring modernity of Bombay. There, unfazed by everyday discriminations around her, she becomes an unlikely hero:
a railway woman and census enumerator who keeps her heart open—sometimes guilelessly—to her nation’s vast possibilities.

Sweeping, elegiac and at times wonderfully comic, Railsong is a powerful portrait of a woman forging a life for herself amid  the social and political upheavals of twentieth-century India.

The novel begins in Charu’s childhood in an unconventional family in a railway town called Bhombalpur.  Her father Animesh Kumar Chitol works in the railway workshop as a junior employee on a wage barely adequate for the upkeep of the extended family: his wife and three children Dhrubo, Charulata (Charul) and Anando; his widowed mother Nistarini Debi; and the servants.  These inadequate pay rates for vast numbers of railway employees erupt into nationwide strikes, which were the catalyst for police surveillance, violence between strikers and scabs, and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s controversial Emergency (1975-77). India’s new and fragile democracy was curtailed by cancelled elections and the suspension of civil liberties.

These and other political events form a backdrop to Charu’s life, as does the Census which takes place in years ending in ‘1’, tracing the rise of India’s population from 439 million in 1961 to 846 million in 1991 when Charu herself is a census collector. But it is Charu’s life that is the backbone of the story.

The tragedy of partition is well within living memory but Charu’s parents had adopted the values of newly independent India, marrying for love despite parental objections, not bothering about religion, and changing their Brahmin family name to Chitol which designates no caste.  This renunciation of a caste-surname in favour of a neutral one places the beginning of the novel in the 1950s because India’s 1950 Constitution banned discrimination based on caste and abolished ‘untouchability’.

Charu’s mother dies when she is five, and she and her siblings Dhrubo and Anando are brought up under the watchful eye of their father’s sister, Nistarini Debi and Aunt Kolkata Pishi. Old traditions linger on.

Nistarini Debi controlled the back of the house.  Although she had long surrendered to the requirements of widowhood, relinquished coloured saris and jewellery and meat, her zeal for daily living had barely diminished.  She rose before dawn for a cold bath, collected whatever was blooming for the deities, and oversaw kitchen and religion in the home of her only living son, who had unaccountably married a woman outside community, caste and colour. (p.5)

Unusually for a girl, Charu gets an education and her father makes sacrifices to pay for her to get her degree, but while still studying and living at home she is still expected to do domestic tasks which her brothers do not have to do.  The catalyst for her resentment to boil over into action comes when marriage talk begins.  She does not want an arranged marriage.  She doesn’t want any marriage at all, but she is torn between respecting her aunties and wanting to forge a life for herself in a country where now Indians are making the decisions and providing opportunities for its people.  And so she slips out of the house and takes the train to Bombay, leaving a brief note behind her.  She does not tell them where she has gone.

This was an extraordinary thing for a girl to do and #NoSpoilers she has to massage the truth to keep her messy arrangements for study, work and accommodation private.

The lonely death of Charu’s father is a heart-rending scene in the novel but it is the catalyst for her to make a career rather than be dragooned into marriage.  India’s railway network is more than transport.  Penetrating to far-flung places across India’s vast territory, it not only unifies the country but it also brings opportunity.  It makes educational and work opportunities possible, it keeps the economy rolling along, and it brings secure, stable employment to all who work on it.  Among other welfare provisions for its workers and their families, it provides work for one family member if a breadwinner dies. One of the Chitol siblings is eligible for a job with the railways, and Charu is determined that she should have it.

But it’s not a straightforward process, not within an immense bureaucracy with a complex set of rules about every aspect of the system that appears to be indifferent to gender, caste and class, but is flawed by the residual attitudes and actions of those who interpret it.  Charu has to navigate a long and dispiriting process before she gets anywhere.  But while the bureaucracy seems to be a self-perpetuating monster, in time, we discover some of its complexities.  It’s not just that there can be fraudulent attempts to gain this benefit — argy-bargy between successive wives and their offspring, fake deaths and disappearances, and even the families of ‘terrorists’ who disappear into the disputed territory of Kashmir.  Investigating these matters involves long journeys to the furthest edges of the nation where people think they can get away with fraud or are desperately poor and in genuine need of entitlements.

There is a chilling moment when Charu is told that the safety of the railway is also a matter of state security, reminding readers not only of the ghastly use of trains at partition, but also of terrorist atrocities on trains in the UK, and Europe.

Tucked into the pages of this fascinating novel is a slow timeline of India moving away from its socialist tendencies and welfare provision towards a more brutal entrepreneurial economic model focussed on profit and efficiency.

We live in an age when corporate cost-cutting places no value on worker or customer welfare and has replaced person-to-person assistance with impersonal transactional procedures, but Battacharya puts a human face on it.  The chapter titled ‘In the P [Personnel] Branch’, shows not only how Charu reinvents herself, but also deals with the needs of others. She is impervious to suggestions that she cut corners, turn a blind eye, or give up when it’s all too hard.

The universe begins again for Miss Chitol.  She has lost her parents, her home, the pale shadow of her childhood, her wayward quest for an education, all the work she ever found, but she has unearthed from the cosmic debris this job.  She must not let go of it.  At night she grinds her teeth unaware, in waking hours her oblivious fists clench.  She makes it a point to start over by arriving early.  As a junior clerk her task is to learn, and in before time allows her to miss nothing. (p.207)

Bhattaracharya is a wry observer of the bureaucracy in which she works.  Her first case is an Anti-Malarial khalasi [worker] who finding the spray detrimental to his health, wishes to put in a transfer application. for Mechanical khalasi at a workshop in Western Railway. 

To the P branch he has come to ask whether he can keep his lien and seniority.

Miss Chitol learns lien.  She learns the consequences of administrative transfer, own-request transfer, mutual transfer. (p.208)

Later that week she encounters compassionate-appointment candidates taking the psychological test to qualify as assistant station-masters.  

Senior clerk Digambar Bharti comments that one of the candidates will purposely fail. The candidate will not want the post because of the stress, which killed his stationmaster father, and will claim a non-safety category post instead.  From her gestures, it is clear that white-haired head clerk Sandhya Nair, impaired of speech, disagrees.

Miss Chitol learns safety-category posts and non-safety-category posts.  She learns selection posts and non-selection posts.  The candidate does fail the psychological test. She does not think it deliberate.  She does not learn cynicism.  She learns about Rulemaster Chitnis.

He has seen deep into the soul of every rule and sub-rule, has Rulemaster Chitnis, and P branch is nothing if not rules, sub-rules and their souls. Within his five-foot-one-inch frame he holds every syllable of the Indian Railways Establishment Manual and the Indian Railways Establishment Code, their correction slips and concordance lists, every Master Circular on every topic devised and those still to be conceived. Versed as a great pandit is he in the clauses of the Factories Act and the Workmen’s Compensation Act; in his human form dwell the infinities of the State Railway Provident Fund Rules, the Railway Services (Liberalised Leave) Rules, the Railway Services (Conduct) Rules, the Railway Servants (Discipline & Appeal) Rules.  He positions himself before his volumes with a calm intensity, like a highly realised master. Miss Chitol discreetly watches him whenever she can. (p.208)

Through it all, Charu is a quiet trailblazer.  Discrimination dogs her, but through hard work, integrity and an encyclopaedic memory for all those rules, she rises through the ranks without losing the human touch.  Along the way she does marry, but again the traditional expectations of others stifles her.  Sometimes her work is risky, and she has to choose between submitting to being protected and working independently, just as a man would.  But of course the world in which she works is not an even-playing field for women.  There are some heart-stopping moments when she is working in remote places where poverty and lawlessness put her in harm’s way.  Railsong is totally absorbing, especially in these moments of tension.

As a symbol of India emerging from colonisation into independence, Charu is not idealised.  She makes mistakes just as her country does.  She takes risks, she sometimes alienates people, and sometimes she doesn’t understand the implications of her actions.  But she is a wise observer of current affairs and is unimpressed by Indira Gandhi’s acquisition of nuclear weapons at a time when the people are going hungry.  The rise of Hindu nationalism bothers her, and there is friction with her in-laws who support the controversial political campaign for building a Hindu temple on the remains of an ancient mosque at Ayodhya.

BTW I found out by accident that Nistarini Debi (Devi) might be ironically named for a 19th century Indian feminist, which prompted a subsequent search for Charulata.  That’s the name of a film also known as ‘the lonely wife’, which is an allusion to a character from Rabindranath Tagore ‘s novella Nastanirh. Indian readers will recognise these allusions;  there are other unfamiliar words, names and phrases, but it doesn’t seem to matter.  I just kept reading.

I was prompted to request a copy of this book from Bloomsbury by this review at the Asian Review of Books. 

Highly recommended.

PS 27/6/26 Thanks to Kenneth for his comment on my review of Moth (2021), I can now see a theme in Railsong that was also explored in Moth i.e. the limits of liberal Brahmanism in the wake of Indian independence. Both published in the era of Hindu nationalism.

Author: Rahul Battacharya
Title: Railsong
Publisher: Bloomsbury 2026
Cover design by Carmen R Balit, UK
ISBN: 9781037206580, pbk., 402 pages
Review copy courtesy of Bloomsbury Australia

 

Cast Out, the history of the Jews of the Arab Lands, by Lyn Julius

ImageIn 2026, Refugee Week began on Sunday June 14th and concludes today with World Refugee Day on June 20.  The theme this year is  ‘A Million Stories’ and for Australia, it coincides with the arrival of its one millionth refugee since the end of World War II.

When we in Australia think of refugees, we think of those currently seeking a safe haven.  There are about 40 million refugees world wide, fleeing ongoing civil wars, political instability, military conflicts and human rights abuses. Google tells me that 65% of them are from five countries: Syria, Afghanistan, Venezuela, Ukraine, and South Sudan.  About 65% of all refugees are hosted in countries that share a border with their nation of origin and it’s no surprise to see that rich countries are not taking their share. Nearly 68% of the world’s refugees are hosted in low- and middle-income countries.

We also think about refugees who came to Australia in the wake of WW2, the largest displacement of people ever, about 60 to 110 million worldwide.  We know the reasons: distinct from postwar migrants seeking a better life, these refugees had experienced forced and slave labour; they were civilians fleeing combat or post-war expulsions when borders were redrawn e.g. in Poland and Germany.

There were also the Holocaust survivors…

But it does not occur to most of us to think about refugees from the ethnic cleansing of Jews who were expelled from Arab lands.  Which began before the state of Israel existed, and has persisted ever since.

Cast Out, the History of the Jews of the Arab Lands (2026) by Lyn Julius begins with an individual’s story: the story of Lisette Shashoua.  Aged 22 and disguised in a traditional Arab abaya, she was smuggled out of the country in 1970, with the help of Kurds.  She was among 1900 other Jews, unable to obtain passports, to flee Iraq illegally. Her parents were among the 3000 Jews remaining in Iraq.

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She could have been arrested — in fact, in September of that year, 136 escaping Jews had been detained in the northern city of Erbil and sent back to Baghdad.  The Jewish lawyer who obtained their release was abducted and never seen again.  But destiny was kind to Lisette and her party.  Driven without headlights along steep mountain roads, they managed to pass eight checkpoints without incident until they crossed the border into Iran — and safety.  With huge relief and an overwhelming sense of freedom and joy, she eventually reached the West.  Although it was not without its hardships, she was able to begin a new life in Canada. (p.1)

Lisette tells her story in testimony to the Canadian Parliament.  She became a flight attendant with Air Canada, able to fly all over the world, except Baghdad.  She did not see her parents for twenty years.

They had resisted escaping, remaining Iraqi nationals in the hope of salvaging some of their assets.  Their phone lines had been cut off, and letters (censored by the authorities) could take three weeks to reach their daughter. In the end, they left with nothing.  (p.2)

What an irony, now, that Iran was Lisette’s safe haven.  In 1970 Iran was ruled by the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who was deposed by the Islamic revolution in 1979.  Iraq in 1970 was ruled by the Ba’ath Party, under Ahmed Hassan Al-Bakr, with Saddam Hussein waiting in the wings. Their vengeance for Israel’s victory in the Six-Day War was inflicted on the remnant Jewish community, turning them into hostages in the country of their birth.  Jews were banned from travelling; accused of spying for Israel and arrested at random; and dozens ‘disappeared’.  Their yellow ID cards identified them as Jews, and any contact with Israel was a criminal offence.  Jews lost their jobs, students were banned from universities, bank accounts were frozen; and any contact with the world beyond Iraq was sabotaged.  In 1969 nine Jews were executed in Baghdad’s Liberation Square after a show trial.

Over 90% of the 150,000-member community had been airlifted to Israel in 1950 and 1951, when a brief window of legal emigration opened, conditional on renunciation by the Jews of their citizenship and eventually their property.  By the time of the 2003 US invasion of Iraq, there were about thirty Jews left in the country.  By 2025, there were fewer than five. (p.3)

One story among millions.  But although Iraqi persecution was the most egregious: it executed or ‘disappeared’ more Jews than any other, it was one of many Arab countries making life untenable for Jews.

All the members of the Arab League — Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and, later on the Maghreb countries — persecuted their Jewish citizens and most stole their property. (p. 3.  The Maghreb countries are Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia.) (p.3)

There were almost a million Jews living in Arab countries in 1948; there are only 4000 today. (p.4)

This ethnic cleansing of Jews is unprecedented.  The monochromatic Muslim character of the Middle East is unique.  Even countries like Tsarist Russia which was notorious for pogroms and pre-WW2 Germany still had Jewish communities, and neither regime survives today.  It is not widely known that more Jews survived WW2 in the USSR than anywhere else in Europe.

It is a widespread misconception that the origins of most Jews in Israel and the diaspora are Ashkenazi, i.e. refugees from the horrors of Nazism in Europe.  Sephardic Jews who have origins in Middle-Eastern and North African countries that cast them out in the 20th century are ‘the forgotten Exodus’.

Jews have lived in North Africa, the Middle East, and Iran for millennia and are indigenous to the region, not just Israel.  Their communities predated the rise of Islam and the Arab Conquest by over 1500 years. 

In 1939, Baghdad was one-third Jewish, more Jewish than Warsaw or New York. (p.6)

But there is a long history of persecution and discrimination despite co-existence in Arab lands, where, from the 8th century — along with Christians and Mandaeans (monotheistic Gnostics) — they were accorded the demeaning status of dhimmi meaning ‘protected ones’.  But it was not a privilege.

The historian Georges Bensoussan observes that the Islamic order was built on the ‘colonial’ order of submission: the Muslim submits to Allah, the Muslim woman submits to her husband, and the non-Muslim dhimmi submits to the Muslim. At the bottom of the pile is the slave.  The slave trade was a huge Arab-run empire and the abduction of Jews so prevalent that a whole corpus of Jewish law was devoted to ways of responding to demands for ransom.  Jews were still being sold as slaves in Morocco in 1890. (p.10)

It is a myth that Jews and Arabs lived in harmony before the establishment of Israel. (p.18)

There were decrees ordering the destruction of synagogues in Egypt and Syria (1014, 1293-94, 1301-2) and Yemen (1676). There were pogroms like those in the Christian world that wiped out whole communities: in Morocco in the 8th and 19th centuries; across North Africa by the Muslim fundamentalist Idris I; in Libya in 1785; in Algiers in 1805, 1815, and 1830.

Julius cites Albert Memmi, a French-Tunisian writer and essayist of Tunisian Jewish origins.  At a seminar in France in 1973, in an address to the notorious Muammar Gaddafi, Memmi said:

The truth is that we lived lives of fear and degradation in Arab countries.  I will not take the time here to recite another litany, that of the massacres that preceded Zionism, but I will make it available to you whenever you wish. The truth is that these young Jews from the Arab countries were Zionists before Auschwitz.  The State of Israel is not a result of Auschwitz, but of the Jewish predicament at large, including its predicament in Arab countries. (p. 19)

Refugees from this ‘Forgotten Exodus’ were rescued and taken in by Israel and dispersed to the post-Holocaust diaspora.

About 650,000 refugees from Arab countries made their way to Israel in its first five years.

The young, resource-poor Jewish state doubled its 600,000-strong population in just three years.  It was forced to house the refugees in 113 tent camps, or ma’abarot.  (p.54)

Most were destitute and some arrived in serious ill health.

Conditions were often dire and refugees tell of the terrible winter of 1950-51, when tents flew in the wind and rain drenched the unhappy occupants. (p.54)

Tablet MagazineFood was scarce or alien, and it was from the AJC podcast People of the Pod that I learned what this alienation really meant: today we all understand how food and cooking is part of our own personal heritage, and how we long for our own favourite foods when we’re away from home.  Throughout Australia, migrants have enriched our multicultural cuisine with recipes and restaurants with origins in nostalgic memories of their former homes.  TabletMag lists ‘nine essential Sephardic cookbooks’ featuring Jewish cuisine from the diaspora.  But Israel and its cuisine in its early years was dominated by Ashkenazi Jews.  Iraqi refugees rebelled at the daily offering of salted herring.

Adjustment was difficult.  Israel was less patriarchal for a start.  Merchants and administrators had to take on labouring jobs; Yiddish was essential in some occupations.  Jobs [such as tree planting] had to be invented for refugees with little or no education and no transferable skills.

It was also difficult for those mostly middle-class Jews who were accepted into the US, Canada, and Australia for reasons common to traumatised refugees the world over.


None of these million Jews who were cast out nor their descendants still claim to be refugees generations after these events.  Most were supported by local Jewish communities not by their host nation, none have ever been compensated for the confiscation of their property and assets, and no Arab country has ever been held accountable for its outrageous compliance with anti-Jewish Nazi decrees during WW2.

The UN has spent $17.7 billion on Palestinian refugees, but not a penny to assist Jewish refugees. The only instance of international aid was $30,000 allocated for Jewish refugees expelled from Egypt in 1956, which was repaid by the Jewish refugee organisation the Joint Distribution Committee. (p.59)

Given that there are so many ill-informed opinions about the Middle East, we can at least take the trouble to learn a little of a history that has so far been air-brushed aside.

You can watch a video about their experiences at Sephardi Voices, scroll down to ‘The Forgotten Refugees’. 

This is the book description:

“For all the attention that conflict in the Middle East attracts, the casting out of almost a million Jews from what is today the Arab world barely registers.” —Lyn Julius

For thousands of years, long before the Arab conquest, the Middle East and North Africa were home to ancient Jewish communities. In cities such as Baghdad, Tunis, Cairo and Casablanca, Jews were a significant presence and constituted as much as a quarter of the population. Yet, today, the Jews of the Arab lands have almost entirely disappeared.

In this groundbreaking essay, Lyn Julius, a journalist who has spent years researching the Jews of the Middle East and North Africa, explores what happened to this vast and diverse Jewish diaspora. What was their status under Islam, and how did the creeping rise of nationalism and antisemitism lead to their expulsion and exodus?

Cast Out examines the vanishing of a people and restores an essential but often-forgotten piece to the puzzle that makes up today’s Middle East.

Lyn Julius was born in the UK and educated at the French Lycée in London and the University of Sussex. The daughter of Jewish refugees from Iraq, she is a journalist and founder of Harif, the UK Association of Jews from the Middle East and North Africa. Her work has appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, The Jewish News, and The Jerusalem Post. She has a regular column in the Times of Israel and JNS News. Her book Uprooted: How 3,000 Years of Jewish Civilization in the Arab World Vanished Overnight has been translated into multiple languages.

Author: Lyn Julius
Title: Cast Out, the history of the Jews of the Arab Lands
Jewish Quarterly, March 2026
Publisher: Morry Schwartz, 2026
ISBN: 9781760646141, pbk., 98 pages
Source: Subscription.

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I shouldn’t need to do this, but comments are disabled.

‘Bolshevik Anzac’ by Nathan Hobby, from Challenging Anzac: Stories that don’t fit the legend (2026), edited by Mia Martin Hobbs, Carolyn Holbrook and Joan Beaumont

ImageAs you can tell from the title, this anthology of essays that challenge Anzac myth-making is intended to tackle popular (mis)conceptions about our defence forces.  The story of the Anzacs is more complex than is commonly supposed, and this really is a very interesting book.

In the Introduction, ‘Challenging Anzac: Why Now?’ the editors explain.  Mia Martin Hobbs is an oral historian of war and conflict; Carolyn Holbrook is an historian at Deakin University whose interest lies in Australian and comparative cultural, policy and political history, including memory of the First World War and the Anzac legend; and Joan Beaumont is an award-winning and internationally recognised historian of WW1 and Ww2, of prisoners of war, and the memory and heritage of war.

These historians suggest that the Anzac acronym has come to have multiple meanings and that they should be subjected to scrutiny, not least because so much public money is spent on Anzac.  It has become a generic signifier of identity; it has also served as a myth of Australian manhood; and though both sides of politics embrace it, it is associated with right-wing politics.  It also has an emotional resonance:

The Anzac Day dawn services have always had an element of the semi-sacred.  The emphasis on the ‘sacrifice’ of the Anzac resonated with the Christian theology of redemption whereby God gave his innocent son to save the sinful others.  The dawn service soon became set in an Anglo-Celtic and Christian template: prayers, hymns, the recitation of Binyon’s Ode, ‘They shall not grow old’, and the playing of the Last Post and Reveille.  The darkness of dawn and the haunting bugles created a powerful aesthetic of awe.  These rituals of Anzac Day are fundamental to Anzac’s hold on the Australian cultural imagination. Over the 20th century, the crowds became increasingly secular and active participation narrower, but still Anzac continued to function as a form of civil religion, particularly as efforts have been made to make its rituals more inclusive.  (p.4)

[LH: Inclusive, that is, if you have a soldier in your family history.]

ImageThere have been critiques, but Anzac has proved to be profoundly difficult to unsettle.  Scholars have shown that some elements of the myth are inaccurate:  for example, AIF recruits were mostly from the urban labouring and clerical classes, rather than the rural backgrounds of [Charles] Bean’s legend in the Official History.  Analysis of claims about uniquely Australian mateship, courage, fighting capacity and egalitarianism suggests that soldiers of all nationalities mostly ‘rise to the occasion’.  Australian soldiers were not the only ones to be resourceful, or to endure appalling conditions or to have hierarchical ranks and status break down in the face of catastrophic casualty rates.  Yet year after year we see politicians and schoolchildren on TV repeating these beliefs as if the Australian soldier was unique.  And what we fail to see, as James Brown pointed out in Anzac’s Long Shadow (2014,  see my review), is that it perpetuates a view of the military that bears no relationship to the way wars are fought today.

ImageBut as the book goes on to show with its ‘stories that don’t fit the legend’, the national preoccupation with heroism and sacrifice can bear scrutiny without insulting the memory of the fallen. There are many intriguing essays but the book is due back at the library (and has reserves) so I’m just going to discuss the case of Hugo Throssel VC, an Anzac celebrity who does not fit the stereotype.

In ‘Bolshevik Anzac: The politics, celebrity and mythology of Hugo Throssel VC’, Nathan Hobby shows how Hugo Throssel’s status as Western Australia’s first winner of the VC led to him being lionised as a hero, despite his conversion to socialism. As Hobby relates in The Red Witch, a Biography of Katharine Susannah Prichard, see my review) Throssel was influenced by the radicalism of his wife who was an avowed communist, but it was also his war service that changed his politics.

The war has made me a Socialist… if we want peace… we must do away with the system of production for profit, and reorganise our life in common on the lines of production for use and for the well-being of the community as a whole. (Hugo Throssel, cited on p. 94)

(While the public profile of politically influential veterans’ associations like the Victoria Returned Services League (RSL) was staunchly conservative,  it should not be assumed that there were no veterans who were pacifists, radicals, conscientious objectors or progressives.  Some refused to join for reasons of political principle; others joined only to access welfare benefits which were generous.  And for a long time the RSL denied membership to those who had not served overseas, so it was not as representative as it appeared to be.)

Hobby tells us that Throssel’s activism was brief but emblematic of a short-lived but significant example of the radicalisation of some returning soldiers at the end of the First World War during the brief period in which it seemed possible that revolutionary change was imminent in Australia.  However, after giving just two political speeches, Throssel withdrew…and never joined the Communist Party although it was his wife who formed the Perth Branch.  He refused to take up the opportunity to enter parliament — perhaps he was more realistic than Prichard?  Hobby suggests that it was unlikely that a socialist candidate, even of Throssel’s popularity, could win an agricultural seat in Western Australia. 

Hobby explores the reasons why Throssel abandoned activism in order to interrogate his son Ric Throssel’s claim that connected his suicide in 1933 to his rejection by society because of his political activism.  Ric Throssel argues that it was his father’s return to participation in politics that precipitated his suicide.  He had made a Peace Day speech in 1933 when the rise of Hitler was causing concern.  He had urged returned soldiers to protest against war, offending, says Ric Throssel, good conservative farmers and loyal patriots.  For them it was treachery, and people disowned him.

Hugo Throssel’s is a complex story, which begins with both Throssel and Prichard’s disillusionment with radical politics, suggested by Prichard’s temporarily withdrawal in the 1920s.

[The historian] Stuart Macintyre writes of the ‘ferment of war and revolution’ drawing ‘middle-class rebels’ to communism, only for initial expectations to fade as the party ‘retreated into the familiar rituals of a sect on the fringes of the labour movement…[and]…lost its wider appeal. (p.102)

But Throssel himself had behaviours inimical to long-haul activism. He tended towards dilettantism and impulsivity, traits probably worsened by the post-traumatic stress disorder and the after-effects of meningitis. I looked up the source for this claim in the Notes, and found that the 1919 ASIO file records that he was struck on the head at Gallipoli and that the meningitis may have affected his mind. That note — and the behaviours ascribed to Throssel — suggest Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) to me, and although it’s not associated with a single concussion, there’s every likelihood that Throssel suffered more than one impact to the brain.  The Mayo Clinic’s website tells us that

CTE is rare and not well understood, but experts don’t believe it’s related to a single head injury. CTE appears to be related to repeated head injuries, often occurring in contact sports or military combat. CTE also has been associated with second impact syndrome, when a second head injury occurs before symptoms of a previous head injury have fully resolved. <snip> It also may occur in military members who were exposed to explosive blasts. Symptoms of CTE are thought to include trouble with thinking and emotions, physical symptoms, and other behaviours.

Whatever about that, nobody had ever heard of CTE back then, PTSD wasn’t understood either, and the treatment for meningitis must have been primitive before the discovery of antibiotics. Throssel was not a well man.  Perhaps he was ostracised by  some, and perhaps only his son knew how keenly that may have been felt, but Hobby shows that he was an honoured guest at various Anzac Day memorials, that there was leniency towards his erratic behaviours, and was buried with full military honours.

Rather than being persecuted for his activism, Throssel retained a network of influence and support right to the end of his life. (p.108)

Even professional psychiatrists who’ve been treating someone with mental health issues find it difficult to assess what factors finally push someone over the edge to suicide, but Hobby seems confident that…

Embracing socialism did not lead to Throssel’s wholesale rejection by society; it did not cause him to become indebted and nor did it cause him post-traumatic stress disorder.  (p.109)

Both obituaries from 1933 and contemporary memorialisation in the Australian War Memorial and elsewhere imply no sense of ostracism for his politics or anything else.  However, there is a wider perspective to note than the case of just one man.  Hobby quotes historian Peter Stanley who writes…

‘Focusing on and invariably celebrating the heroism and success so often a part of the VCs’ stories has the effect of distracting attention from the horror and futility that is also part of the broader story.’ (p.109)

(Mind you, I would argue that, horrific though it was, that there was nothing futile about WW2 and the fight against fascism.)

Joan Beaumont writes

…of the representation of his death at the War Memorial speaking to ‘the dominance of the trope of victimhood and trauma’ in the collective memory of war. (p.109-110)

The next chapter is about Soldier Suicide.

Other chapters tell about the strange case of Private Nicholas Permakoff, (a Russian in Australia who was bullied into enlisting by a directive from the Tsar and met his end when he was executed on the battlefield by an Australian soldier); a chapter about Aboriginal enlistment and the aftermath; some disconcerting facts about the ‘Rats of Tobruk’ (there was one of those in the family of The Offspring); nuclear testing in Australia; the feminist protests against sexual violence in war in 1977-87); Anti-war veterans activism; allegations of war crimes, and one of the most interesting is titled ‘The Anzac Warrior in the age of autonomous warfare’ i.e. drones.

The chapter titled ‘Crimes cloaked in Anzac’ raises issues to do with asymmetric warfare where military superiority with formalised rules of engagement is in combat with unconventional strategy and tactics, and the chapter that discusses the use of drones is a catalyst for thinking about the ethics of urban warfare where both sides are complicit in civilian casualties.

Recommended for book groups that enjoy non-fiction that interrogates contemporary issues.


‘Bolshevik Anzac: The politics, celebrity and mythology of Hugo Throssel VC’, by Nathan Hobby,
in Challenging Anzac: Stories that don’t fit the legend
Editors: Mia Martin Hobbs, Carolyn Holbrook and Joan Beaumont
Cover design by Peter Long
Publisher: New South, 2026
ISBN: 9781761170706, pbk., 342 pages
Source: Kingston Library

 

Tono-Bungay (1908-9), by H.G. Wells

ImageImageMy parents always gave us books at Christmas and I was in my teens when my father gave me a set of four books comprising Palgrave’s Golden Treasury, and three books by H G Wells: his first novel The Time Machine (1895); The Invisible Man (1897, see my review); and The History of Mr Polly (1910)The Sci-Fi novels are well-known, but The History of Mr Polly not so much, and it was not until I dug around to clarify the date of publication of the oddly-named Tono-Bungay that I learned that it is part of a trio of novels that explore class and emerging modernity in Edwardian England (c.1890-1910)

In the view of one of Wells’s biographers, David C. SmithKippsThe History of Mr Polly and Tono-Bungay together make it possible for Wells “to claim a permanent place in English fiction, close to Dickens because of the extraordinary humanity of some of his characters, but also because of his ability to invoke a place, a class, a social scene. These novels are very personal as well, treating aspects of Wells’s own life, matters which would come under attack later, but only after he added his sexual and extramarital views to the personal side of his work. (Wikipedia)

Undeterred by a churlish citation by Cedric Watts in 1001 Books You Must Read Before You Die, (2006 edition) I was soon entranced by what was apparently Wells’ favourite of his books.

Wells himself was “disposed to regard Tono-Bungay as the finest and most finished novel upon the accepted lines” that he had “written or was ever likely to write” (David C. Smith, H. G. Wells: Desperately Mortal: A Biography (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1986), p. 203, cited at Wikipedia).

As Paul Torday notes in his Introduction:

Tono-Bungay is a thoroughly absorbing portrait of that vanished age between the end of the Victorian world and the First World War — an age whose literature and writers and poets have undeservedly fallen out of fashion for some years.  Wells writes about a modern world that we can all recognise; but he also describes an England that has all but altogether disappeared.  He is torn between the static world of his childhood in the countryside; and the fascination of the hectic urban society that was developing as he grew up.  (p. x)

When I scrolled through Wikipedia’s Years in Literature 1901-1910, (though of course I haven’t read everything listed) what struck me was that H G Wells was almost uniquely interested in British class and whether it was possible to transcend it, and also — somewhat like Zola in France— in how the advent of a consumer society subverted old values both benign and not.  Tono-Bungay purports to be the autobiography of George Ponderevo, the son of a housekeeper and an absent father who is never spoken of.  It is a bildungsroman which chronicles the loss of his childhood innocence in the countryside, and the chance events that led to him becoming complicit in his uncle’s fraudulent marketing of ‘Tono-Bungay’, a tonic which purports to cure almost everything and which makes them both rich.  It is the transition from the lower ranks of the English class system into the uncertain status of wealth from ‘trade’ that interests Wells, but he also explores how the economy works.  (Wells was briefly a Fabian, but mocks them in this novel for failing to work actively for radical change).

The novel begins with his childhood in a microcosm of English society, the village of Bladesover, where he describes the subtle gradations of class.  At the top is the impoverished Lady Drew and her house guests, down through the Vicarage people and then to people neither ‘quality nor subjects’. i.e. the schoolmaster, the doctor, the vet and ‘artists’.  Below them comes the tenantry, domestic staff headed by the housekeeper and butler, shopkeepers and gamekeepers and the blacksmith.  The guiding principle is that everyone knows their place, which means that George’s childhood fantasy of marrying Lady Drew’s relative Beatrice is impossible.  He could better himself by joining the navy, but he could never be an officer.

Misjudgement leads to his banishment.  He gets into fisticuffs with a playmate who is one of his ‘betters’ but they do not obey the ‘code of honour’ and dob him in.  He is despatched in  disgrace to be apprenticed to his Uncle Edward, a pharmacist and a relation hitherto unknown to him.  As Torday points out in the Introduction, Victorian novels often feature fraudsters, but what makes Uncle Edward different is that he doesn’t fit the Victorian caricature: he is neither dull nor a bully.  He is more like Mr Micawber in personality…

…a funny, enthusiastic, affectionate little man, afflicted by what central bankers in our times have called ‘irrational exuberance’. He does good wherever he can; he brings up his nephew George out of sheer goodness of heart.  He encourages and helps his nephew to get on in life at the same time as he embezzles his trust fund.  He has a loving, if bewildered, wife.  He is a more modern and complex villain because he himself is lovable. (p.vii)

George certainly loves him, as we see when he takes extraordinary measures to help his uncle when the entire financial edifice collapses.

Uncle Edward’s villainy is recognisable in our own time.  George begins to grasp his uncle’s naïvely cynical view of how the economy works, articulating concepts of scarcity that affect supply and demand:

The whole trend of money-making is to foresee something that will presently be needed and put it out of reach, and then to haggle yourself wealthy.  You buy up land on which people will presently want to build houses, you secure rights that will bar vitally important developments, and so on and so on.  (p.58)

Uncle Edward’s perfidy begins when he invests George’s  small inheritance although he has no idea how investment works.  He believes that the Stock Exchange conforms to predictable patterns and that smart people (like him) can always profit by it.  When he is bankrupted he is just like the unrepentant CEO’s of today, obfuscating to avoid having to explain, apologise or make restitution.  He is heedless of the little people caught in his wake, people who have no way of restoring their pitiful finances.

So George the apprentice is sold off as part of the sale of the pharmacy, (‘lock, stock and barrel’) and his plans to better himself through education begin to look flimsy.  He absconds to London, and soon finds his uncle reinventing himself as the showy marketer of Tono-Bungay which George recognises as mischievous trash and possibly injurious but eulogised to turn the ordinary into the best, just by saying so.  This scam means that Uncle Edward is making enough money to offer George £300 p.a. to manage the less exciting part of the business.  Before long Uncle Edward expands his interests to venture into the Stock Market again.  But this time, he uses money he doesn’t have to float one company after another, using each one to pay dividends to another in rotation, creating an illusion of profit.

George, meanwhile, finds that the attractions of city life hamper his studies, and has the self-awareness to recognise it.  Yes, he meets up with an old school friend called Ewart, whose idleness leads him astray, but it’s also that in the city he doesn’t shine as the brightest boy in the countryside, he’s only average, and nobody notices whether he studies or not.  And he is distracted by exploring new interests that he can access in London: museums and art galleries; parks and gardens; and even listening to sublime music he had never heard before — Beethoven! in the Albert Hall.

Bowled over by London’s attractions, George does not notice then how the city has failed to provide for its people.  Before their rapid rise to wealth, his aunt and uncle live in cramped discomfort, but at the time I took it, as I was taking everything, as being there and in the nature of things. 

I did not see the oddness of solvent decent people living in a habitation so clearly neither designed nor adapted for their needs, so wasteful of labour and so devoid of beauty as this was, and it is only now as I describe this that I find myself thinking of the essential absurdity of an intelligent community living in such makeshift homes. (p.75)

Wells is on a mission to draw attention to the way the emerging economy was failing its citizens.  For even as these houses were being built, their purposes were obsolete.  They were built to house middle-class families with servants in the basement, but demographic changes meant they were immediately subdivided.

New means of transit [carried] the moderately prosperous middle-class families out of London, education and factory employment were whittling away at the supply of rough, hardworking, obedient girls who would stand the subterranean drudgery of these places, new classes of hard-up middle-class people such as my uncle, employees of various types were coming into existence, for whom no homes were provided. <snip>

It was nobody’s concern to see them housed under civilised conditions, and the beautiful laws of supply and demand had free play. They had to squeeze in. (p.76)

Wells captures the sense of wonder about inventions undreamed of in his boyhood:

Only thirty years ago it was, and I remember I learned of the electric light as an expensive, impractical absurdity.  There was no argon, no radium, no phagocytes — at least to my knowledge, and aluminium was a dear infrequent metal.  The fastest ships in the world went then at nineteen knots, and no one but a lunatic here and there thought it possible that men might fly. (p.72)

In the latter part of the novel when George has the money to do it, he reinvents himself as a researcher exploring the possibilities of hot-air balloons and gliders, and Wells writes convincingly of the terror of test flights.  What an amazing imagination he had!

Torday says that there are resonances from Wells’ own life in the character of George Ponderevo.  

His marriage to someone of his own class is not a success.  But the relationship is portrayed with a poignancy that lifts the veil on working  class marriage in an age when there was little or no education about sex; little or no advice from parents; and no Marriage Guidance Counsellors to help when things went wrong. (p.viii)

Written in a confessional tone, George blames himself for the failure of this marriage.  It is almost unbearably sad to read how unsuited he and Marion are: how they could not understand each other; how, against his own principles but desperate to marry her, he submitted to her demands about a showy wedding and gaudy home furnishings; and how her complacent acceptance of her ‘place’ in society jarred against his ambition to better himself through hard work and study.   They were both so young!

There is so much to think about in this remarkable novel, and though it was written over a century ago, so much of it still resonates today. Despite its age, it has weathered well, IMO.

I have written that Wells in this era was almost uniquely interested in class and whether it was possible to transcend it, but I am far from well-read in British Lit of the Edwardian era.  Apart from the obvious Victorian example of Dickens for example, in Great Expectations (1861), I am curious to know if anyone knows of other turn-of-the-century authors tackling this topic before WW1.

BTW It’s a pity that the jacket designer hasn’t been credited in my edition.  The jacket is a mock facsimile of a newspaper, comprising some of the text from Chapter 1, an advert for the book itself (‘Discover a Different Side to H G Wells’) and an advert for the worthless tonic.  It’s very clever and I’d love to know who came up with the idea.

Author: H G Wells (1866-1946)
Title: Tono-Bungay
Introduction by Paul Torday
Publisher: Weidenfeld & Nicolson (an imprint of Orion), (2020, first serialised in 1908; first published in book form 1909)
Cover designer not acknowledged
ISBN: 9780297860433, hbk., 353 pages
Source: Personal library, purchased from Embiggen Books, $22.99


I read Tony-Bungay at this time for #20Booksof Winter hosted by Annabel. This is No #3.

To see my progress, click here.

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The Birds Fall Down (1966), by Rebecca West

ImageCited in 1001 Books You Must Read Before You Die (2006 edition), Rebecca West’s novel The Birds Fall Down (1966) was her last novel published during her lifetime.  Four of these are listed in 1001 Books, each of which (even without considering her nonfiction output such as A Train of Powder (1955, see my review) demonstrates her versatility as an author :

  • The Return of the Soldier (1918, see my review)
  • Harriet Hume (1929)
  • The Thinking Reed (1936, see my review)
  • The Birds Fall Down (1966)

This is part of the 1001 Books citation:

ImageThe story of the unwitting involvement of eighteen-year-old Laura Rowan in the events leaning up to the Russian Revolution, The Birds Fall Down is part historical novel, part political thriller, and part acute psychological character study. Taking place over only a few days, the novel focuses on Laura’s sudden emergence into the middle of a political conspiracy.  West follows with forensic care the delicate modulations in Laura’s response to the discovery that her exiled Russian grandfather is surrounded by spies and double agents who are intent on killing them both. Despite this intense and narrow focus on Laura’ psychological response to trauma, the novel has a vast historical range. (1001 Books You Must Read Before You Die, edited by Peter Boxall, 2006 edition, p 582.)

Rebecca West was in her seventies when The Birds Fall Down was published, so she was writing with the weight of 20th century history at her back but in 1966 with the triumphs of the USSR yet to falter, and yet she manages to transport her readers back to the earliest years of that century, just after the end of the Boer War (1899-1902).  Her characters are yet to experience climactic events such as WW1 and the Russian October Revolution in 1917 but the most extraordinary achievement of the novel is the voice of 18-year-old Laura.  Separated from our time by over a century, Laura’s voice seems authentic in every way.  She knows more about the turmoil in Russia than most readers would today because her aristocratic grandfather has been exiled because of a presumed association with revolutionaries… but she’s eighteen.  All that drama is far away from where he now (very comfortably) lives in Paris, and even further from England where she lives a privileged life with her English father and Russian mother.  She’s a bit ‘over it’, as we say today.

There are moments of transition which are startling in their impact.  At the beginning of the novel Laura is an introspective eighteen-year-old moulded by her gender and her class into keeping her observations to herself.  Visiting Paris against her father’s will, Laura and her mother skirt around the grave illness of her grandmother, concealing her frailty from Count Nikolai Diakonov, her testy grandfather who is constantly obsessing about being exiled from his beloved Russia.  Even though the tension is clear, the women do not say what they think.  Grandfather needs to be cosseted away from distressing events, so arrangements are made for Laura to accompany him to Northern France to visit family, while her mother nurses her mother through an amazing new treatment called radiotherapy.

But when the travellers are accosted by a stranger on the train, Laura’s reserve breaks down and, suddenly understanding that her transition to adulthood has come and she must protect old Nikolai, she lets loose her exasperation and tells the stranger to get out.   It’s not really a spoiler to say that he doesn’t.  Most of the novel is taken up by the conversation that ensues… which sounds as if it could be really tedious but it’s not.

When her grandfather wakes from his snooze it becomes clear that these two know each other.  The stranger is Vassili Iulievitch Chubinov, a cranky revolutionary who unexpectedly puts Nikolai’s mind at rest:

‘I would kill this man if I could, for about God and what He wills for Russia I enjoy perfect knowledge of the truth, and this man is blaspheming.  Vassili Iulievitch, you talk repulsive nonsense of a very degraded type.  <snip> Yet I have to thank you. For you have done me a great favour, tonight I shall sleep as I have not slept for years.’ (p.100)

Chubinov remonstrates, he thinks that Nikolai has not understood.  But he has.

‘It is you who don’t understand, said Nikolai.  ‘For years I’ve suspected that there had been a conspiracy against me, that some descendant of Judas had wriggled on his belly into my home and into my Ministry and had stolen my secrets and distorted them so that I was disgraced.  But I’d not proof and it’s well-known that such suspicions are often the first signs of insanity. A letter suddenly had a profaned and fingered look, my keys had or had not a tiny particle of wax on them.  So I was haunted by the fear that I was mad and might do all the things that madmen do.  (p.101)

BTW There are intermittently droll asides from two middle-aged women in the same carriage, who don’t understand Russian but interpret what’s going on as some kind of family dispute.  Like most of us, and like Laura until her epiphany, these two lead such ordinary lives that they cannot imagine something as incredible as the scene playing out before their eyes.  But the plot is actually based on the deeds of the historical double agent Yevno Azef, chief spy for the Tsarist Secret Police, but also head of the battle organization of the Social Revolutionary Party.  So the characters Nikolai — representing the royalist refusal to change, and Chubinov — representing an idealistic revolutionary complicit in the use of violence, are wrestling over the loyalties of Kamensky who works for Count Nikolai as a cross between a secretary and a fix-it man, but also as a spy with conflicting loyalties i.e. as an informer for the Tsarist government and as a revolutionary terrorist leader opposed to Chubinov’s organisation and tactics.  Kamensky’s chilling presence is everywhere, (helping, organising, fixing problems) and (of course) he is highly skilled at manipulating people into doubt and uncertainty, or — even worse, as when Laura’s father turns up — he is brilliant at deceiving the adults in the room and duping them into his plans.

The subtlety and nuance of the characterisation is extraordinary.  West portrays these characters with diametrically opposed points of view without their dogmatic assertions seeming entirely unreasonable.  Laura, listening to them and occasionally interrupting in exasperation, vacillates between thinking it’s all too absurd and why can’t people just be sensible, and feeling terror in the pit of her stomach as she realises that she may well be going to die that day because this conflict has ceased to be theoretical.

As I’ve mentioned before in my reading of Russian classics, there was widespread discontent in pre-Soviet Russia, not just from the oppressed peasants and exploited factory workers, but also from the aristocracy and industrialists who recognised that Russia’s agrarian economy was inadequate for the commercial and military threat emerging from industrialised Europe and Britain. Reform was urgently needed for Russia to modernise, compete and defend itself, but the Tsars were obdurate.

(These obdurate Romanov Emperors are in chronological order from left to right i.e. Nicholas I, Alexander II, Alexander III and Nicholas II.  For some reason known only to the WP gremlins, their captions aren’t visible.)

Reforms that were introduced by Tsar  Alexander II, (1818-1881, who reigned from 1855 until assassinated in 1881) were reversed by his successor Alexander III (1845-1894), who clung to the ideological principles of his grandfather Nicholas I (1796- 1855, who reigned from 1825-1855).  Count Nikolai — devoted to Nicholas II (1868-1918, who reigned from 1894-1917 when he abdicated and was then murdered in 1918) — is a reactionary who also believes that the principles of Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality, would protect Russia from revolutions such as had happened in France.  Consistent with his fervent adherence to the Russian Orthodox Church, Nikolai believes that the Tsar is the holy intermediary between God and the people and is guided by God.  He can therefore do no wrong.  Chubinov has a very different view of the Tsar and the hierarchical society that keeps him in power, and is an adamant atheist. But though his politics are radically different, he tries to intervene to prevent Kamensky from killing them to protect his duplicitous identity because, for Chubinov, the importance of exposing Kamensky trumps everything else.

Laura struggles to make sense of what is happening and the ground keeps shifting beneath her.  She can’t confide in anyone because she doesn’t know who to trust.  As the threat comes nearer, the tension in the novel rises, and it becomes unputdownable.

ImageThe birds of the title, BTW refer to the two-headed birds on the Russian Coat of Arms which you can see on the cover of my first edition of the novel and at Wikipedia.  At the time of the novel’s publication, the Tsarist Coat of Arms had been replaced by the Soviet hammer and sickle and sheaves of wheat, so the birds had indeed fallen down.  But since the fall of communism, they are back, reinstated on the coat of arms of the Russian Federation.


Wikipedia tells me that Joseph Conrad‘s also wrote a novel using Azef’s story.  It’s called Under Western Eyes (1911) and we can read it online at Project Gutenberg.  WP cites a Cambridge academic called Johan Adam Warodell’s summation:

Under Western Eyes contrasts tsarist autocracy and arbitrary power with fanatic idealism and professional revolutionists. The novel is a tour-de-force of intermingling indirect voices, each clamouring for a distinct and persuasive perspective’.


I read The Birds Fall Down at this time for #20Booksof Winter hosted by Annabel. This is No #2.

To see my progress, click here.

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Author: Rebecca West (1892-1983)
Title: The Birds Fall Down
Publisher: Macmillan UK, 1966
Cover design not acknowledged
ISBN: 9780333029800 (ISBN10: 0333029801), 1st edition hardback, 428 pages
Source: personal library, purchased from Syber’s Books Windsor via Abebooks, $34.59

Image credits:

The Night Parrots (2026), by Stephen Orr

ImageSouth Australian Stephen Orr is the author of many outstanding novels so it’s hard to be objective, but I think that he has surpassed himself with his latest novel The Night Parrots.  His magnum opus…

ImageReaders with long memories will remember Giramondo’s 2015 reissue of T G H (Theo) Strehlow’s 1969Journey to Horseshoe Bend.  It was a spellbinding book, an account of the epic journey taken by the Lutheran missionary Carl Strehlow in 1922.  Travelling upright in a chair on the back of a horse-drawn buggy, and accompanied by his fourteen-year-old son Theo in a van drawn by donkeys, Strehlow and his wife Frieda Keysser struggled for twelve days in the relentless heat across the dry bed of the Finke River in Central Australia to get medical help.   In my review, I noted that Theo’s not entirely reliable chronicle covered the journey with all its tribulations; the history of the pastoral industry and the mission at Hermannsburg; Aboriginal myths and legends about the landscape; and Biblical stories, notably the story of Job.  In The Night Parrots Stephen Orr has scaffolded elements of Theo’s coming-of-age in this astonishing road journey to create a magnificent novel that explores truth and memory and the contested history of 20th century outback missionary activity.

This is the book description from the Wakefield Press website:

1922. In the remote Australian outback, Pastor Martin Gerlach’s health fails. With no way in or out of his mission, his family and friends devise a plan to move him to the railhead at Oodnadatta. His son, fourteen-year-old Benjamin ‘Benno’ Gerlach, helps organise a cart and supplies and, along with his mother, the schoolteacher Ignatz Beck, Blind Silas and Jamy, the journey into uncertainty begins. All the time, Benno is forced to move beyond childhood as he faces the loss of his father, as he finds ways to articulate his love, and faith, and navigate a landscape of fire, flood, and his own secret fears.

Always presented from Benno’s conflicted point-of-view, the narrative weaves seamlessly between the situation in 1922, with a backstory that begins with Gerlach’s decision to leave his other children in Leipzig while he takes up missionary activity in remote Outback Australia; and Benno’s present as an 80-year-old man estranged from his own family, with a back story that includes his visits back to Hermannsburg as a patrol officer and a failing marriage.  I  did not consult my copy of Journey to Horseshoe Bend to trace how faithful Orr’s novel is to Theo’s original account which I read over a decade ago; I read The Night Parrots entirely on its own terms although I knew from the outset that the pastor did not survive his ordeal. [LH Edit: This is not a spoiler because I didn’t know if Orr would contrive a different ending. And I’m not going to tell.]

Orr’s choice of narrative voice is sheer genius.  In the original, as I noted in my review, Theo’s account of a traumatising event that shadowed his entire life is complicated.  He had axes to grind and he had justifications to pursue.  But Benno in The Night Parrots is as elusive as those critically endangered birds are.  His perspective as a fourteen year old breaks in the same way that an adolescent voice breaks: at times he has astonishing maturity and a depth of perception beyond his years and at other times he is petty, childish, resentful and terrified by the impending loss of his father.  He observes his parents’ marriage with the tenacity of a divorce court judge.  He is ever alert to their assessments of him: he yearns for acknowledgement of his usefulness on the journey but they are not the kind of parents that lavish praise or encouragement.  Reading between the lines, Benno is a boy who has never reconciled with his parents’ decision to abandon his siblings in Germany, and he feels the weight of their expectations in making him The Chosen One.

As they journey across the unforgiving landscape, Benno notices how the pastor and his wife vacillate between hope and faith and an impending sense of doom.  She is more pessimistic, his faith is stronger.  Her anger about the way her husband has been abandoned to his fate by church authorities is overt. His reflections centre on his role in a Lutheran settlement on Aranda lands.  He feels a sense of trespass as well as his own betrayals.  His stratagems for preventing the removal of the light-skinned offspring of stockmen  fail in the long run and when he visits these children of the Stolen Generations he knows that the education he had hoped for has turned out to offer no more than domestic service and stock work.

And rightly so, he feels his son’s rage about the behaviour of the schoolteacher, who should have been removed from all contact with children, but wasn’t, because no replacement could be found.  In extremis, he is forced to reckon with the fact that the schoolteacher was tolerated because of the desire to provide an education for his son and not really for the Aranda children…

Benno’s own personal demons pursue him into old age.  He had made a deathbed promise to continue his father’s work, and became a patrol officer and anthropologist, completing the pastor’s dictionary of Aranda and continuing the collection of stories and artefacts.  He continues his father’s practice of asking permission to collect these cultural items, but times have changed and when he makes a visit to a museum to show his grandson the donated items, he still feels a sense of entitlement about ownership — which is now contested both by the museum and by the descendants of the  Aranda.

As in Theo’s account of the journey, disasters beset the characters in Orr’s novel and we see these tribulations in all their cruelty through the power of the author’s pen.  Ironically, it is only the Aranda man Blind Silas whose visionary faith never falters: both the Pastor and his wife question God’s purpose as the Biblical Job did.  In extremis Benno even questions the existence of a God that can impose such trials on a man who has spent his whole life serving Him.

There is the unrelenting heat, the dust, the tedium of rudimentary meals, and the agony of a dray bumping over the ruts and stones of what barely passes for a road.  Rain, when it comes in the outback is torrential, and then there is a night when Benno wakes to the smell of smoke and their overnight camp must be disassembled and a man barely able to walk due to oedema must be hoisted back onto his chair that is lashed to the dray.

By now everyone was awake, Mother (for once) lost for words, Father telling her to gather our things.  I threw the pans, the fire grate, the flour and damper into a box, onto the dray.  The swags, but I didn’t bother rolling them.  Then Father, up, rung by rung, six steps onto his throne, calling, ‘Come on, it’s getting closer.’

The wide, white-hot front leaned into the wind as it moved towards us.  And behind it, flashes, night made day, the rumble of earth, the skies, the ice women and God and Jesus. The crackling of grass that made a chorus, became a roar, as Jamy and Ludwig and [blind] Silas (hands out, searching the darkness) tried to gather the donkeys.  One by one, harnessing them, Mother shouting to hurry as she got the last of the rugs, a book, canteens from around the camp.

I stood thinking what to do, but Father called, ‘Forget it — come on!’

I went back, grabbed a donkey, pulled and shouted at it to move, and by now the fire was only ten, fifteen yards away, the heat on our faces, the pines catching like kerosene.  I tried to gather the spares [extra donkeys], but they bolted.  Mother called: ‘Benno, on the dray, now!’

I saw a burning donkey.  I saw how it protested, and jumped about.  I heard it complaining, a few groans, then silence. (p.217)

Towards the end of the novel when Benno reluctantly concedes to himself that his father is defeated, father and son talk about hopes for a future that both suspect they will not share.  The pastor wants his son to complete unfinished tasks and for the first time Benno offers to help.

Maybe Father could be helped, fixed up, wounds treated.  Maybe he could return to what he’d been, standing in front of the congregation, thundering Matthew, a homily about blazing bushes and the power of faith.  Or walking around the blacks’ camp — do this, do that, take this child in and feed her, have those boys completed their work? Because it’s important to remember that’s how he was, most of the time, most of my childhood.  A warrior, a stormtrooper for God, full of endless energy and drive and tomorrow we’ll finish rendering that wall,  or I must get to town to buy more books.  (p.367)

The Night Parrots is an exquisitely nuanced portrayal of the complexities and ambiguities of the missionary impulse as the reader joins Benno in looking back through time at the gulf between ambition and reality, and the dilemmas surrounding whose power of choice should prevail then and now.

Highly recommended.  The Night Parrots is destined to be a Book of the Year, maybe even the book of the decade…

Author: Stephen Orr
Title: The Night Parrots
Publisher: Wakefield Press, 2026
Cover design: Duncan Blachford
ISBN: 9781923388673, pbk., 413 pages
Review copy courtesy of Wakefield Press

The Night Parrots is available direct from Wakefield Press and good bookstores everywhere.  All of Stephen’s books are available as eBooks at Amazon, and I have confirmed with the publisher that The Night Parrots will be available in that format soon.

 

Frogsong (2026), by Melisssa Manning

ImageThere’s a lot of love out there for Melissa Manning’s first novel Frogsong, and her first book, a collection of linked short stories titled Smokehouse won the Victorian Premier’s Literary Award for Fiction, so my expectations were high.   Perhaps they were too high, but I don’t think I’m the audience for this book: its preoccupation with adolescent love and loss make me think it’s meant for YA readers.

This is the book description:

Caro and Danny grew up side by side at the waterhole. Bound by love, loss and a promise Caro made to Danny’ s mother, their lives are entwined. But as Danny spirals into addiction and self-destruction, Caro is caught between loyalty and the need to save herself.  She becomes haunted by memories, by the stories she told herself of the life they’d have, and by the waterhole that shaped them both. From southern Tasmania to Lisbon’s winding streets, she searches for escape from lost dreams, until a return home forces her to confront what it means to let go.  Frogsong is a lyrical and devastating story of love, addiction and the ghosts that shadow us.

Adolescent grief is real and it’s not a bad thing to be reminded that young people often haven’t developed the inner resources to process it and that adults sometimes aren’t the support that they could be.  The novel begins with Caro’s overwhelming grief when Danny’s mother dies.  Diane has become a substitute mother for Caro, who resents her own mother’s commitment to her career.  Diane was her Meadowlea mother*, and Caro struggles to deal with her loss.  She can’t talk about this because she has somehow absorbed the idea that she doesn’t have the right to express her grief when it’s Danny who has lost his mother.  She seems to think that a female’s role is to provide endless support to others while denying the self.  (Any competent school counsellor would have helped Caro sort that out but that doesn’t seem to be on offer.)

Frogsong is not a very long novel and perhaps a greater length could have developed the characterisation more so that motivations and causes are more clear. We don’t know why Caro’s mother is so distant, she’s just absorbed in her work, like thousands of other career women are.  We don’t know why Danny succumbs to drug use, he just does. There’s nothing to explain why Caro is so naïve about young men except perhaps that she lives in an insular society in rural Tasmania.

It’s a bleak picture of adolescent life.  Small town life means that social options are limited and Caro prematurely traps herself into a relationship but can’t take delight in the joy of adolescent freedom without drugs and alcohol.  Maybe I’ve read too many novels starring feisty young women but it was depressing to see this character invest all her love in one person who ultimately didn’t deserve it — and #Spoiler then *sigh* she feels guilty  about ditching him after he left her without explanation.

There is some sensitive writing that shows this author’s potential.  Early in the novel the reader can see how Danny is using Caro and she is starting to realise it:

When he came home in the afternoon, she was in bed again.  She wanted to say how she felt, but she couldn’t find words that wouldn’t sound accusatory, whiny, needy.  He mashed his mouth against hers, pulled her body close.

‘Sorry about last night, I got on a roll.’ He grinned. “Worked right through.’

He buried his head under her hair and kissed her neck.  ‘Mmm, you smell good. Salty.’

They moved together in the usual ways, but she felt disconnected from her body.  Performative.  After, he fell asleep and she lay in their bed, outside his orbit. (p.77)

As the novel progresses, she recognises that the relationship is partly based on nostalgia for a simpler time:

They were lying in bed, legs wound together, the soft reassurance of the day before still suffusing her body. It reminded her of their early years by the waterhole; when they’d had sex at Col’s and slept on Danny’s single bed, bodies tangled, her heart calm and easy in her rib cage. (p.113)

Caro’s coming-of-age is linked to the frog motif symbolising a trajectory of metamorphosis but it’s a bit overworked, and there is a lot about eating and drinking and sex, as if there’s nothing else to do.

Adults fail the young people, especially Danny’s father who offloads his anxiety about Danny onto Caro.  Plus, #Spoiler, I was bemused by Caro’s parents despatching her to Portugal to get over herself.  What sort of parents send a desolate young woman to the other side of the world, even if it is to stay with distant family?  Yes, she does indeed need to get out and see the world, but not like that!

However, as I said, others thought it was a fine novel.  See

*I’m showing my age here.  In the 1980s there was a marketing campaign for margarine that featured a catchy jingle and the catchphrase ‘You ought to be congratulated.’ The campaign targeted mothers who prioritised their family’s health and welfare by cooking with that brand of margarine, playing on tropes of loving mothers (who did all the cooking) and happy families.  People who saw through the cynicism of this marketing coined the term ‘Meadowlea Mothers’ to mean not stay-at-home mothers per se, but women whose selfhood was bound up in pleasing others and who devoted their lives to a fantasy of motherhood where cooking was the way to express and receive love.

Author: Melissa Manning
Title: Frogsong
Publisher: UQP (University of Queensland Press, 2026
Cover art  by Josh Durham, Design by Committee
ISBN: 9780702269233, pbk., 213 pages
Source: Kingston Library