In 2026, Refugee Week began on Sunday June 14th and concludes today with World Refugee Day on June 20. The theme this year is ‘A Million Stories’ and for Australia, it coincides with the arrival of its one millionth refugee since the end of World War II.
When we in Australia think of refugees, we think of those currently seeking a safe haven. There are about 40 million refugees world wide, fleeing ongoing civil wars, political instability, military conflicts and human rights abuses. Google tells me that 65% of them are from five countries: Syria, Afghanistan, Venezuela, Ukraine, and South Sudan. About 65% of all refugees are hosted in countries that share a border with their nation of origin and it’s no surprise to see that rich countries are not taking their share. Nearly 68% of the world’s refugees are hosted in low- and middle-income countries.
We also think about refugees who came to Australia in the wake of WW2, the largest displacement of people ever, about 60 to 110 million worldwide. We know the reasons: distinct from postwar migrants seeking a better life, these refugees had experienced forced and slave labour; they were civilians fleeing combat or post-war expulsions when borders were redrawn e.g. in Poland and Germany.
There were also the Holocaust survivors…
But it does not occur to most of us to think about refugees from the ethnic cleansing of Jews who were expelled from Arab lands. Which began before the state of Israel existed, and has persisted ever since.
Cast Out, the History of the Jews of the Arab Lands (2026) by Lyn Julius begins with an individual’s story: the story of Lisette Shashoua. Aged 22 and disguised in a traditional Arab abaya, she was smuggled out of the country in 1970, with the help of Kurds. She was among 1900 other Jews, unable to obtain passports, to flee Iraq illegally. Her parents were among the 3000 Jews remaining in Iraq.

She could have been arrested — in fact, in September of that year, 136 escaping Jews had been detained in the northern city of Erbil and sent back to Baghdad. The Jewish lawyer who obtained their release was abducted and never seen again. But destiny was kind to Lisette and her party. Driven without headlights along steep mountain roads, they managed to pass eight checkpoints without incident until they crossed the border into Iran — and safety. With huge relief and an overwhelming sense of freedom and joy, she eventually reached the West. Although it was not without its hardships, she was able to begin a new life in Canada. (p.1)
Lisette tells her story in testimony to the Canadian Parliament. She became a flight attendant with Air Canada, able to fly all over the world, except Baghdad. She did not see her parents for twenty years.
They had resisted escaping, remaining Iraqi nationals in the hope of salvaging some of their assets. Their phone lines had been cut off, and letters (censored by the authorities) could take three weeks to reach their daughter. In the end, they left with nothing. (p.2)
What an irony, now, that Iran was Lisette’s safe haven. In 1970 Iran was ruled by the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who was deposed by the Islamic revolution in 1979. Iraq in 1970 was ruled by the Ba’ath Party, under Ahmed Hassan Al-Bakr, with Saddam Hussein waiting in the wings. Their vengeance for Israel’s victory in the Six-Day War was inflicted on the remnant Jewish community, turning them into hostages in the country of their birth. Jews were banned from travelling; accused of spying for Israel and arrested at random; and dozens ‘disappeared’. Their yellow ID cards identified them as Jews, and any contact with Israel was a criminal offence. Jews lost their jobs, students were banned from universities, bank accounts were frozen; and any contact with the world beyond Iraq was sabotaged. In 1969 nine Jews were executed in Baghdad’s Liberation Square after a show trial.
Over 90% of the 150,000-member community had been airlifted to Israel in 1950 and 1951, when a brief window of legal emigration opened, conditional on renunciation by the Jews of their citizenship and eventually their property. By the time of the 2003 US invasion of Iraq, there were about thirty Jews left in the country. By 2025, there were fewer than five. (p.3)
One story among millions. But although Iraqi persecution was the most egregious: it executed or ‘disappeared’ more Jews than any other, it was one of many Arab countries making life untenable for Jews.
All the members of the Arab League — Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and, later on the Maghreb countries — persecuted their Jewish citizens and most stole their property. (p. 3. The Maghreb countries are Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia.) (p.3)
There were almost a million Jews living in Arab countries in 1948; there are only 4000 today. (p.4)
This ethnic cleansing of Jews is unprecedented. The monochromatic Muslim character of the Middle East is unique. Even countries like Tsarist Russia which was notorious for pogroms and pre-WW2 Germany still had Jewish communities, and neither regime survives today. It is not widely known that more Jews survived WW2 in the USSR than anywhere else in Europe.
It is a widespread misconception that the origins of most Jews in Israel and the diaspora are Ashkenazi, i.e. refugees from the horrors of Nazism in Europe. Sephardic Jews who have origins in Middle-Eastern and North African countries that cast them out in the 20th century are ‘the forgotten Exodus’.
Jews have lived in North Africa, the Middle East, and Iran for millennia and are indigenous to the region, not just Israel. Their communities predated the rise of Islam and the Arab Conquest by over 1500 years.
In 1939, Baghdad was one-third Jewish, more Jewish than Warsaw or New York. (p.6)
But there is a long history of persecution and discrimination despite co-existence in Arab lands, where, from the 8th century — along with Christians and Mandaeans (monotheistic Gnostics) — they were accorded the demeaning status of dhimmi meaning ‘protected ones’. But it was not a privilege.
The historian Georges Bensoussan observes that the Islamic order was built on the ‘colonial’ order of submission: the Muslim submits to Allah, the Muslim woman submits to her husband, and the non-Muslim dhimmi submits to the Muslim. At the bottom of the pile is the slave. The slave trade was a huge Arab-run empire and the abduction of Jews so prevalent that a whole corpus of Jewish law was devoted to ways of responding to demands for ransom. Jews were still being sold as slaves in Morocco in 1890. (p.10)
It is a myth that Jews and Arabs lived in harmony before the establishment of Israel. (p.18)
There were decrees ordering the destruction of synagogues in Egypt and Syria (1014, 1293-94, 1301-2) and Yemen (1676). There were pogroms like those in the Christian world that wiped out whole communities: in Morocco in the 8th and 19th centuries; across North Africa by the Muslim fundamentalist Idris I; in Libya in 1785; in Algiers in 1805, 1815, and 1830.
Julius cites Albert Memmi, a French-Tunisian writer and essayist of Tunisian Jewish origins. At a seminar in France in 1973, in an address to the notorious Muammar Gaddafi, Memmi said:
The truth is that we lived lives of fear and degradation in Arab countries. I will not take the time here to recite another litany, that of the massacres that preceded Zionism, but I will make it available to you whenever you wish. The truth is that these young Jews from the Arab countries were Zionists before Auschwitz. The State of Israel is not a result of Auschwitz, but of the Jewish predicament at large, including its predicament in Arab countries. (p. 19)
Refugees from this ‘Forgotten Exodus’ were rescued and taken in by Israel and dispersed to the post-Holocaust diaspora.
About 650,000 refugees from Arab countries made their way to Israel in its first five years.
The young, resource-poor Jewish state doubled its 600,000-strong population in just three years. It was forced to house the refugees in 113 tent camps, or ma’abarot. (p.54)
Most were destitute and some arrived in serious ill health.
Conditions were often dire and refugees tell of the terrible winter of 1950-51, when tents flew in the wind and rain drenched the unhappy occupants. (p.54)
Food was scarce or alien, and it was from the AJC podcast People of the Pod that I learned what this alienation really meant: today we all understand how food and cooking is part of our own personal heritage, and how we long for our own favourite foods when we’re away from home. Throughout Australia, migrants have enriched our multicultural cuisine with recipes and restaurants with origins in nostalgic memories of their former homes. TabletMag lists ‘nine essential Sephardic cookbooks’ featuring Jewish cuisine from the diaspora. But Israel and its cuisine in its early years was dominated by Ashkenazi Jews. Iraqi refugees rebelled at the daily offering of salted herring.
Adjustment was difficult. Israel was less patriarchal for a start. Merchants and administrators had to take on labouring jobs; Yiddish was essential in some occupations. Jobs [such as tree planting] had to be invented for refugees with little or no education and no transferable skills.
It was also difficult for those mostly middle-class Jews who were accepted into the US, Canada, and Australia for reasons common to traumatised refugees the world over.
None of these million Jews who were cast out nor their descendants still claim to be refugees generations after these events. Most were supported by local Jewish communities not by their host nation, none have ever been compensated for the confiscation of their property and assets, and no Arab country has ever been held accountable for its outrageous compliance with anti-Jewish Nazi decrees during WW2.
The UN has spent $17.7 billion on Palestinian refugees, but not a penny to assist Jewish refugees. The only instance of international aid was $30,000 allocated for Jewish refugees expelled from Egypt in 1956, which was repaid by the Jewish refugee organisation the Joint Distribution Committee. (p.59)
Given that there are so many ill-informed opinions about the Middle East, we can at least take the trouble to learn a little of a history that has so far been air-brushed aside.
You can watch a video about their experiences at Sephardi Voices, scroll down to ‘The Forgotten Refugees’.
This is the book description:
“For all the attention that conflict in the Middle East attracts, the casting out of almost a million Jews from what is today the Arab world barely registers.” —Lyn Julius
For thousands of years, long before the Arab conquest, the Middle East and North Africa were home to ancient Jewish communities. In cities such as Baghdad, Tunis, Cairo and Casablanca, Jews were a significant presence and constituted as much as a quarter of the population. Yet, today, the Jews of the Arab lands have almost entirely disappeared.
In this groundbreaking essay, Lyn Julius, a journalist who has spent years researching the Jews of the Middle East and North Africa, explores what happened to this vast and diverse Jewish diaspora. What was their status under Islam, and how did the creeping rise of nationalism and antisemitism lead to their expulsion and exodus?
Cast Out examines the vanishing of a people and restores an essential but often-forgotten piece to the puzzle that makes up today’s Middle East.
Lyn Julius was born in the UK and educated at the French Lycée in London and the University of Sussex. The daughter of Jewish refugees from Iraq, she is a journalist and founder of Harif, the UK Association of Jews from the Middle East and North Africa. Her work has appeared in The Guardian, The Huffington Post, The Jewish News, and The Jerusalem Post. She has a regular column in the Times of Israel and JNS News. Her book Uprooted: How 3,000 Years of Jewish Civilization in the Arab World Vanished Overnight has been translated into multiple languages.
Author: Lyn Julius
Title: Cast Out, the history of the Jews of the Arab Lands
Jewish Quarterly, March 2026
Publisher: Morry Schwartz, 2026
ISBN: 9781760646141, pbk., 98 pages
Source: Subscription.
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