Islam

i-Islamu (ubuSulumane) iyinkolo ka-Abrahama ekholwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa nokuthi umProfethi uMuhamedi (ukuthula makube kuye) uyisithunywa sikaNkulunkulu sokugcina. Umbhalo oyisisekela salenkolo uyiKhurani. Eminye imibhalo efundwa nakuba ingasimqoka njekeKhurani iyiHadithi. i-Hadithi ingumbhalo wezimfundiso nezenzo zomProfethi. Abakholwa kulenkolo babizwa amaMuslimi (elinye igama lesiZulu: amaSulumane).

AmaMuslimi akholwa ukuthi kukhona inkolo yemvelo embulwe ngamaProfethi ahlukile kusukela u-Adamu, umlisa ebakholwa ukuthi uwokuqala ukubunjwa nguNkulunkulu. Bakholwa ukuthi i-Islamu iyisigaba salenkolo yemvelo ephelele. AmaMuslimi akholwa ukuthi iKhurani iyilizwi likaNkulunkulu uqobo nokuthi liyisambulo sokugcina elingaguquki. AmaMuslimi akholwa ukuthi inxenye yenkolo yemvelo yembulwe emibhalweni yezinye izinkolo zobu-Abrahama: i-Tawrat (izincwadi ezinhlanu zikaMose), i-Zabur (amahubo kaDavide), kanye ne-Injil (ivangeli likaJesu). Bakholwa ukuthi akekho omunye umProfethi ozothunywa nguNkulunkulu emuva kaMuhamedi.

AmaMuslimi akholwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu munye, ukuthi kunokuphila ngale weliba, ukuthi abakholwayo bazoklomiswa ezulwini, nokuthi abangakholwi bazojeziswa esihogweni. AmaMuslimi akholwa ezimisweni ezibizwa iziNsika eziNhlanu ekufanelwe zilandelwe ngawonke amakholwa: i-Shahadah (isifungo nemvumo yokukholwa), i-salah (ukukhululeka zinsuku zonke), i-zakat (ukunikela kubaswelayo), i-sawm (ukuzila ukudla enyangeni lika-Ramadan), ne-hajj (ukuya eMekha enyangeni lika-Dhu'l-Hijjah).

Inqoqo yomthetho ye-Islamu ibizwa i-shariah. Lomthetho uthinta imikhakha ehlukile njengokuboleka nokuphathwa kwemali, ukuhletshulwa kwezinxenye ezifezwa ngabesifazane nabesilisa empakathini, neminye imikhakha. i-Islamu inezinsuku ezimbili ezimqoka ekugujwa okuthile okwenkolo kuzona: i-Eid al-Fitr ne-Eid al-Adha. Kunezindawo ezintathu ezingcwele ngokwenkolo ye-Islamu: i-Masjid al Haram eMekha, i-Masjid al-Nawabi eMedina ne-Masjid al-Aqsa eJerusalema.

Insusa ye-Islamu ingezi-610. AmaMuslimi akholwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu uthume ingilosi uJibrail (uGabriyeli) ukuthi ethule isambulo kuMuhamedi enhlonhlweni yase-Arabhiya eMpakathi-Mpumalanga. Kunamagatsha amabili amqoka kwi-Islamu: ubu-Sunni (90% yamakholwa) nobu-Shia (10% yamakholwa). Ukuhlukana kwalamagatsha kubangwe ukuphikisana mayelana ukuthi isikhundla somholi we-Ummah (ubumbano lwawonke amaMuslimi emhlabeni) kufanele sidluliswe kubani ngasemuva kokukhothama kukaMuhamedi. Lokhu kuholele ekuhlukaneni ngokweminqubo yokwehlulela nokukhonza. Izwe elinenani lamaMuslimi ukundlula wonke amazwe iyi-Indonesia. Ngokwenani lamakholwa, ilandelwa iPakistani, iNdiya neBangladeshi. KunamaMuslimi ayizigidigidi ezimbili zamaMuslimi, ngaphambi kwamaKristu.

Insusagama

Ibizo lika-Islamu lisuka ebizweni lesi-Arabhu (إسلام, al-Islām) elichaza "ukuzithoba [kuNkulunkulu]". Ibiza lika-Muslim lisuka ebizweni lesi-Arabhu (مُسْلِم) elichaza "ozithobayo [kuNkulunkulu]". NgesiZulu nezilimi ezihlobene naso kusetshenziswa ibizo lobuSulumane.

Umlando

uMuhamedi uzalwe ngonyaka 570 eMekha, idolobha enhlonhlweni yase-Arabhiya eMpakathini Mpumalanga. Umndeni wakhe wangama-Banu Hashim besizwe sika-Quraysh. Uyise ngu-Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib. Unina ngu-Amina bint Wahb. Uyise ushone ngesikhathi ezalwa. Unina ushone eneminyaka eyisithupha. Ukhuliswe ngumkhulu wakhe u-Abd al-Muttalib nobabumkhulu u-Abu Talib. uMuhamedi ukhule ngokuhweba. Wayedumile ngokhono lwakhe lokuxazulula ukubangisana ebantwini. Wayeqhashwe nguKhadija, wagcina wamshada. Ngenxa yokuphatheka kabi emoyeni ngenxa yomonakalo owawuwenzeka eMekha, uMuhamedi uhambe emigedeni zaseHira entabeni kaJabal al-Mour ukukhuluka. uMuhamedi uvakashelwe ingilosi uJibril (uGabriyeli). Lengilosi ethule izambulo zikaNkulunkulu.

Kusukela ukuya kulomgede, uMuhamedi washumayela ngoNkulunkulu. Wayekhuthuza abantu ukuthi baphenduka ekukholweni kubankulunkulwana. Iningi labantu abaqale ukuphedukela kwi-Islama kwakungabesifazane, izigqili nabampofu. Abacebile emphakathini waseMekha bebamusola uMuhamedi ngoba bebasaba ukuthi izimfundiso zakhe zizodala ukungazinzi. uMuhamedi nabalandeli bakhe bebahlukunyezwa iminyaka engamashumi nambili. uMuhamedi nabafundi bakhe babalekele eMedina. Ngokufika nokushumayela, uphendula iningi labantu baseMedina. Ngalokho uhehe izizwe zaseMekha ukuthi zivume futhi ziphawule Umthethosisekelo waseMekha. Kanjalo uMihamedi usungule ilizwe lokuqala le-Islamu. Ngenxa yokuvumela amaSulumane nalabo abangasimaSulumane, uMuhamedi ubumbe umfelandawonye okuvikela iMekha. Lokhe kuholele ezimpini zaseBadr, Uhud naseMselweni. Emuva kwesivinjezelo seMekha esingaphumelalanga, abalandeli bakaMuhamedi kanye nezitha zakhe eMekha kuqanjwe Umvumelwano waseHubaddiyah. Lemvumelwano iphulwe yilabo abangisangamaSulumane ngenxa yokwanda kwesizwe sabo. Ngo-629, uMuhamedi wayehlanganise inzenye enkulu yenhlonhlo lase-Arabhiya

Izinkolelo

uNkulunkulu

Indikimba ka-tawḥīd (توحيد) ichaza ukuthi uNkulunkulu (ngesiArabhu: Allah) uyingqayivela futhi ingqingithi yakhe yinye. i-Islamu iphika inkolo yobuKristu kuZiqu eziNtathu. i-Islamu ikholwa ukuthi kuyisono ukuzama ukuqamba izithombe zikaNkulunkulu. i-Islamu ifundisa ukuthi akekho omunye unkulunkulu nokuthi nguyena yedwa ofanele ukudunyiswa. Ukukhonza izithombe noma ukukholwa kwabanye abonkulunkulu kubizwa i-shirk. i-Islamu ifundisa ukuthi uNkulunkulu udale wonke umkhathilibe nokuthi inhloso yemvelo kungukudumisa uNkulunkulu. AmaMuslimi akholwa ukuthi kunezithakazelo noma izibongo (ngesiArabhu: ʾasmāʾu llāhi l-ḥusnā, أَسْمَاءُ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلْحُسْنَىٰ, ngesiZulu: amaGama amaHle kaNkulunkulu) ezi-99 uNkulunkulu angabizwa ngazo, isibonelo: uSomusa (اَلرَّحْمَـٰنِ; ar-Raḥmān), uSofefe (اَلرَّحِيْمُ; ar-Raḥīm), iNkosi (اَلْمَلِكُ; al-Malik), uSongcwele (اَلْقُدُّوسُ; al-Quddūs), uSokuthula (ٱلسَّلَامُ; as-Salām), umVikeli (ٱلْمُؤْمِنُ; al-Muʾmin), uSomandla (ٱلْجَبَّارُ; al-Jabbār), uPhakeme (ٱلْعَزِيزُ; al-ʿAzīz), uMdali (ٱلْخَالِقُ; al-Khāliq).

iziNgilosi

IziNgilosi (ngesiArabhu: ملك, malak) ziyinhlobo yezinto eziphilayo ngokomoya ezibunjwe nobukhanya (nūr) nona umlilo (nār). iziNgilosi zidalelwe ukubungaza nokudumisa uNkulunkulu. Futhi, iziNgilosi zinemisebenzi ethile njengokwembula imilayeza esuka kuNkulunkulu, ukuloba izenzo zawonke umuntu ophilayo kusukela ukuzalwa kufikela ukushona, nokuthatha umphefumulo womuntu esikhathini eshona. Umfanekiso weziNgilosi ezithombeni uvamile ukuba isimumo somuntu. Kepha lomfanekiso uvamile ukuhluka kunomuntu ngokunikezwa izici zasezulwini noma ukuvezwa ngobukhulu obudlula lobo bomuntu. iziNgilosi ekukhulunywa ngazo ngamagama abo emibhalweni ye-Islamu ngu-Gabriyeli (Jibrīl) no-Mikhayeli (Mika'il).

Imibhalo

Main article: Quran

Igama leKhurani ngesibhalo sesiArabhu

Amavesi weKhurani egcaziwe odongeni lezinsimi zaseLodhi eDelhi

iKhurani (Quran) ingumbalo we-Islamu oyisisekela sohlaka lonke lwenkolo. AmaMuslimi akholwa ukuthi konke okulotshwe kwiKhurani kwembulwe nguNkulunkulu uqobo ngengilosi uGabriyeli kuMuhamedi kusukela 610 kufikela 632. Ngokuba uMuhamedi wayengakwazi ukubhala, abafundi bakhe babhala sonke isambulo asethule ngomlomo. Lombhalo unezahluko (sūrah) eziyi-114 nemigqa (āyāt) eyi-6,236. Izinxenye ezembulwe kuMuhamedi ehlala eMekha zibhekane nezindaba zenkolo nomoya kepha lezi ezembulwe zilandela lezi eMedina zibhekane nezindaba zomthetho nokuphilisana emphakathini wama-Muslimi. Abafundi bezomthetho basebenzisa iHadith (inqoqelo yezimfundiso, umlando wempilo kanye neminqubo kaMprofethi) ukuhlakahla iKhurani. Inzululwazi lokuhlakahla nokufakaza nge-Khurani kubizwa tafsir. Imibhalo eyembulwe kumaProfethi ezengaphambu kaMuhamedi njengeTawrat kuMose, iZabur kuDavide, i-Injil kuJesu iyimibhalo ehlanekezekilwe ngenhlakahlo nangolobo. Kungakho iKhurani yiyona yodwa yemibhalo eqotho, ephelele, efanelwe ukufundwa, eyisambulo esiyisiqiniso, esingaqhathaniseki neminye imibhalo, esiyilizwi likaNkulunkulu uqobo, eliqhakambisiwe, elinganamaphutha, futhi elilokugcina ukukhiqizelwa abantu nemimoya yonke emhlabeni ngunaphakade.

AmaProfethi

Amaprofethi (ngesiArabhi: أنبياء, anbiyāʾ) ngabantu ) abathunywe nguNkulunkulu ukushumayela umlayezo ongcwele. Akekho owesifazane oke wabangumprofethi. Wonke amaprofethi ngabantu. Ngaphambu kaMuhamedi kunamaprofethi ahlukene, isibonelo: uAdamu (ʾĀdam) uNowa (Nūḥ), u-Abrahama (ʾIbrāhīm), uMose (Mūsā), uDavide (Dāwūd), no-Jesu (ʿĪsā). uMuhamedi (Muhammad) ungumprofethi wokugcina. Ukukhombisa inhlonipho efanele, umuntu kufanele athi ukuthula makube kuye (ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam) ngasemuva kokusho igama lakha. Akekho omunye ozothunywa ngasemuva kwakhe. Bonke abathi bathunywe emuva kwakhe bangabakhohlisi ngokwenkolelo ye-Islamu.

u-Muhamedi uvakashelwe yingilosi uGabriyeli eneminyaka eyi-40 ngonyaka 610. Akuvunyelwanga ukuthi avezwe ubuso esithombeni. Futhi akukhombisi inhlonipho efanele ukudweba izifanekiso zemibuso zamaprofethi ngesiko le-Islamu. Ubuciko kakhulu imidwebo ye-Islamu ivame ukumveza uMprofethi engenabuso, futhi ezungezwe ngumlilo.

Izenzo zikaMprofethi zibizwa i-sunnah. Lokho kuchaza indlela enyathelwe. Kukhuthazekile ukuthi amaMuslimi azame ukulandela izenzo neminqubo kaMprofethi njesibonelo esiqhakambile futhi esincomekayo. Izenzo zakhe zilotshwe ngabafundi nabaphelezeli bakhe. Lemilobo ibizwa i-hadith. Igatsha lamaSunni likholwa ukuthi umbhalo we-hadith othembekile iyi-Kutub al-Sittah. Lombhalo uyinqoqelo yezincwadi eziyisithupha. Igatsha lamaShia likholwa ukuthi i-Kutub al-ʾArbaʿa yilona umbhalo we-hadith othembekile.

Ukuvuka kwabafileyo nokwehlulelwa

AmaSulemane akhola ukuthi abafileyo bazovuswa ngosuku lwe-Yawm al-Qiyāmah (ngesiArabhu: يوم القيامة). Bakholwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu useluhlelile lolusuku kepha alwaziwa ngabantu. Imibhalo ye-Islamu ifundisa ukuthi ngaphambi kwalolusuku kuzoba nemivivinyo kanye nokuhlupheka. I-Islamu ifundisa ukuthi ma lolusuku lufika, abantu bonke bazohlulelwa nguNkulunkulu. Bakholwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu uzobehlulela ngobuhle nobibi ebakwenzile uma bephila. Labo abanezenzo ezinhle bazoya eparadisi (Jannah). Labo abenze okubi bazoya esihogweni (Jahannam). Iparadisi iyindawo yentokozo nokuthula.

Izono nezenzozinhle

i-Islamu ikholwa ukuthi izono ezithile zizoholela ekubhubhisweni okungunaphakade esihogweni. Lesi ezilotshwe kulohlu olandelayo zibizwa izono ezinkulu:

Ukukhonza omunye unkulunkulu
Ukubulala omunye umuntu
Ukutshontsha impahla yentandane ekufanelwe inakekelwe yiwena
Ukukhokha noma ukuthatha inzalo yemalimboleko
Ukuba igwala osukwini lempi
Ukugxeka owesifazane omsulwa ngokuphinga

Ezinye izono yilezi:

Ukungakhuleki kanhlanu zinsuku zonke
Ukuthuka abazali
Ukunganikeli kwabampofu ngokufanele
Ukungazili ukudla ezinsukwini ze-Ramadan ngaphandle kwesizathu esiqondile (njengokugula, ukuba mdala nomamncane kakhulu)
Ukungenzi i-Hajj ma unemali enele ukukwenza lokho
Ukungamulo ubudlelwano nezihlobo zakho
Ukuphinga nobufebe
Ukusebenzisa iziqa eziguqula isimo sengqondo
Ukuqamba amanga ngezinto zenkolo
Ukuzibulala
Ukuphoqelela inkolo yakho kwabanye
Ukuzibulala

Izenzo ezinhle yilezi:

Ukutshala imithi nokulondoloza imvelo
Ukungabulali noma ukungahlukumezi izilo ngaphandle kokuzidla
Ukuphatha abanye abantu kahle
Ukuxolela izono zabanye kuwe nokuzicelela ukuxolelwa kwabanye
Ukulungisa imonakalo yakho
Ukukhulisa intandane
Ukunikeza abaswelayo izinsiza zokufeza izidingo zabo njengokudla kubalambile
Ukukhuza okubi
Ukukhuthaza okuhle
Ukuhlonipha abantu bezinye izinkolo

Lokho ekubaliwe akuyikho khonke okuyisono noma isenzo esihle ngokwe-Islamu. Ngokwe-ISlamu uNkulunkulu uxolela bonke abacela uxolo futhi abaphenduka ezonweni zabo.

Izenzo zokukhonza

Kunezenzo ezinhlanu zokukhonza uNkulunkulu ezibizwa iziNsika eziNhlanu ze-Islamu:

Isifungo noma Imvumo

Kunesisho esithi: "ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh" (أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله). Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi: "Ngiyafakaza ukuthi akekho unkulunkulu ngaphandle kuka-Allah futhi ngiyafakaza ukuthi uMuhamedi uyisithunywa sika-Allah" Ukuphendukela kwi-Islamu kufanele ukumuntu akhulumo lesisisho phambu kwabafakazi.

Umthandazo

Ukuthandaza: AmaSulumane kufanele ekhuleke zinsuku zonke kanhlanu. Lokhukukhuleka kubizwa aṣ-ṣalāt ( الصلاة). Imithandazo ikhulunywa ngesi-Arabhi futhi kufanele umuntu aqonde iKaaba eseMekha. Kufanele umuntu enze i-wudu ngaphambi kokukhuleka. Lokho kusho ukuhlambla ubuso, ezandla, nezinyawo ngamanzi (noma uma kunesomiso noma amanzi engatholakali kalula ngomhlabathi). Uma umuntu ethandaza kufanele akhothama, ubuso buthinte phansi.

Ukunikela kwabanesidingo

I-Zakat (زكاة) ingukunikela kwenxenye emisiwe kwamaphesenti ama-2.5 womholo ngenyaka kwabahluphekayo noma abampofu. Lokho kungezeka ngokukhulula iziboshwa, ukusiza labo ababoleke imali, ukunikeza ukudla kwabalambile, ukunikeza indawo yokuhlala kulabo abanganawo, ukunakekela abagulayo, abadala nabachwalile. I-zakat iyindlela yokuhlambulula incebo yabanothile nokuqinisekisa inhlalakahle emphakathini.

Ukuzila ukudla

I-ṣawm (صوم) ichaza ukuzila phecelezi ukugwema ukudla, ukuphuza , ukubhema nokunye kusukela ukuphuma kwelanga ekuseni kufikela ukushona kwalo ebusuku enyangeni le-Ramadan. Lokho kuyindlela yokusondeza umphefumulo kuNkulunkulu ngohoxela umzimba okuya emthunjweni.

Ukwenza inkambo engcwele

I-ḥajj (ngesi-Arabhi: حج) iyinkambo eMekha ephoqelekile ukuthi yenzwe yiwonke amaSulumane kanye empilweni yawo enyangeni kaDhu al-Hijjah ohlelonyakeni lwe-Islamu. Kunamasiko enziwa kulenkambo:

Ukuzungeza iKaaba kasikhombisa
Ukuhamba kasikhombisa kusuka kwiNtaba yaseSafa kufika eNtabeni kaMarwa.
Ukumbatha kwabesilisa kwezingubo ezimhlophe
Ukuchitha usuku ngokukhuleka eNtabeni yase-Arafat nokujikijela uSathane ngamatshe

I-umrah iyinkambo engcwele engenziwa noma yinini kepha akusiyona imphoqo ukuyenza.

Ezinye izenzo zokukhonza

Ukufunda iKhurani kakhulu ukuyikhumbula yonke
Ukwenza umkhuleko we-duʿāʾ engashiwo ngolwimi lomthandazi futhi elingashiwo nganoma yimuphi udaba
Ukumbungaza ngezisho ezithile (ذكر, Dhikr') njengokuthi "makabongwe uSomandla" (الحمد لله, al-Ḥamdu lillāh) noma "egameni likaNkulunkulu" (بسملة, basmalah).

Izikhundla

AmaSulumane akholwa ukuthi akekho umuntu ongamela noma ongaxhumanisa omunye umuntu noNkulunkulu. Kungakho i-Islamu ayinawo amapristu. Kodwa, inabo abafundisi ababizwa Imam (إمام) . Umsebenzi wabo ungukuhlela izinkozo zenkolo. I-'ulama (Arabic: علماء) ichaza inqoqo noma umphakathi wabafundi benkolo abafundisiwe ngezenkolo. Umfundi we-hadith ungu-muhaddith, umfundi weminqubo yomthetho (fiqh) uyi-faqih, umfundi ovumelekile ukuthi ethule imibono ngezomthetho (fatwa) ubizwa i-mufti, umfundi ongumehluleli ngokomthetho we-Shariah ubizwa i-qadi.