Jinan dialect

Jinan dialect
Jinan dialect
濟南話
Native to	Urban Jinan in the People's Republic of China
Region	Northeastern China
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Mandarin Jilu Mandarin Jinan dialect; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	jina1245
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The Jinan dialect (simplified Chinese: 济南话; traditional Chinese: 濟南話; pinyin: Jǐnánhuà) is a Mandarin Chinese dialect spoken in Jinan in Shandong province, China. It is a variety of Jilu Mandarin.

Sociolinguistics

Younger generations have increasingly levelled the Jinan dialect in the direction of Standard Chinese. The bulk of this article describes conservative features of the dialect and may reflect not reflect the speech of the youngest speakers.

Phonetics and phonology

Consonants

Consonants of the Jinan dialect ^[1]
		Labial	Alveolar	Alveolo-palatal	Retroflex	Velar
Nasal		m 沒貓悶牤	n 奶餒孬囔	ɲ 妮鳥牛拗		ŋ 醃我癌俺
Plosive	plain	p 靶波甭殯	t 丟盹襠洞			k 尜蛤玍硌
Plosive	aspirated	pʰ 趴苤瓢耪	tʰ 他熥頹頭			kʰ 楷傀肯昆
Affricate	plain		ts 做咂宰堆	tɕ 雞集姐街	tʂ 知妯阻擇
Affricate	aspirated		tsʰ 刺粗測糙	tɕʰ 掐卡鉛前	tʂʰ 戳踩搋抻
Fricative	voiceless	f 付肺帆奉	s 死蓑賽孫	ɕ 蝦協謝笑	ʂ 廈所澀順	x 攉孩齁昏
Fricative	voiced	v 挖我外萬			ʐ 日惹繞肉
Approximant			l 捋弱雷榮

Comparisons with Beijing dialect

Many innovations and retentions from Middle Chinese present in the Beijing dialect are also found in Jinan, which accounts for the similarity in phoneme inventory. There are, of course, some differences. Examples follow.

The distribution of the voiceless retroflex initials in Jinan is largely to similar to that in Beijing. Where Beijing has tʂ, tʂʰ, ʂ, Jinan is also inclined to have them. However, the converse fails in a handful of cases, where Jinan has tʂ, tʂʰ, ʂ, but Beijing has the corresponding alveolar consonant.

Distribution of tʂ, tʂʰ, ʂ
	莊	搋	生	森	策
Jinan	tʂuaŋ	tʂʰuɛ	ʂəŋ	ʂẽ	tʂʰei
Beijing	tʂuaŋ	tʂʰuai	ʂəŋ	sən	tsʰɤ

In these cases, Jinan dialect is the one that shows the expected reflex of the Middle Chinese initial.

Jinan dialect consistently reflects the northern Mandarin innovation where ∅>ŋ when not followed by u, while Beijing dialect does not.

∅>ŋ
	俺	襖	我	屋
Jinan	ŋã	ŋɔ	ŋə	u
Beijing	an	au	wo	u

Jinan dialect usually reflects the Middle Chinese 日 initial as ʐ, except before u, where it is merged into l. This contrasts with Beijing Mandarin, which has in ʐ in all cases, as well as with other Jilu varieties, which demonstrate a variety of patterns. The non-Beijing dialects below are all usually categorized as Jilu.

Reflexes of the 日 initial
	人	肉	扔	軟	亂
Jinan	ʐẽ	ʐou	ləŋ	luã	luã
Zibo	lə̃	ləu	ləŋ	luã	luã
Tianjin	in	iou		yan	luan
Cangzhou	ʐən	ʐou		yan	lan
Beijing	ʐən	ʐou	ʐəŋ	ʐuan	luan

Finals

Finals of the Jinan dialect ^[2]
Medial	Rime
Medial	∅	ɿ	ʅ	ə˞	a	ə	ɛ	ei	ɔ	ou	ã	ẽ	aŋ	əŋ	ŋ̩
∅		ɿ 滋刺四	ʅ 知史日	ə˞ 兒耳二	a 八蛇醃	ə 波各可	ɛ 伯別海	ei 杯德黑	ɔ 包貓繞	ou 兜周肉	ã 班寒漢	ẽ 悶人艮	aŋ 幫倉讓	əŋ 風熥恆	(ŋ̩) 嗯
i	i 鼻笛匿				ia 倆家鴨	iə 別姐爺	iɛ 街解挨		iɔ 標了嚼	iou 丟六拗	iã 邊蔫眼	iẽ 拼心音	iaŋ 良江羊		iŋ 冰精硬
u	u 不木五				ua 抓瓜滑	uə 多掠活	uɛ 拽乖壞	uei 堆雷水			uã 端拴官	uẽ 村春昏	uaŋ 莊光晃		uŋ 東榮紅
y	y 足局魚					yə 腳靴月					yã 捐選元	yẽ 君巡允			yŋ 松粽用

Erhua affects most rimes as follows; medials stay the same.

Erhua in Jinan dialect ^[3]
Rime	Rime + 兒
ɿ	eɻ
ʅ	eɻ
i	ieɻ
u	uɻ
y	yəɻ
a	aɻ
ə	əɻ
ɛ	ɛɻ
ei	eɻ
ɔ	ɔɻ
ou	ouɻ
ã	ɛɻ
ẽ	eɻ
aŋ	ãɻ
əŋ	ə̃ɻ
iŋ	iə̃ɻ
uŋ	uə̃ɻ

For speakers in the suburbs, nasalization in the erhuaized syllable may be dropped, merging e.g. iə̃ɻ < iŋ + 兒 and iəɻ < iə + 兒. ^[4]

Tones

Tone chart of the Jinan dialect ^[5]
Tone number	Tone name	Tone contour
1	yin ping (陰平)	˨˩˧ (213)
2	yang ping (陽平)	˥˧ (42)
3	shang sheng (上聲)	˥ (55)
4	qu sheng (去聲)	˨˩ (21)

As in many other Chinese varieties, Jinan dialect exhibits tone sandhi.

Grammar

Interrogatives

Comparatives

Perfective Aspect

In Jinan dialect, the perfective aspect is formed by the postverbal particle lɔ. It indicates that an action is terminated. This is distinct from the perfect lia. Younger speakers may not distinguish the two, rendering both as lə, as in Standard Chinese. ^[6]

我

və

I

睡

ʂuei

sleep

了

lɔ

PFV

一剎兒

itʂʰaɻ

a.moment

I fell asleep for a moment.

^[7]

Notes

↑ Qian 2002, p. 10-15.
↑ Qian 2002, p. 10-15.
↑ Qian 2002, p. 7.
↑ Qian 2002, p. 7.
↑ Qian 2002, p. 7.
↑ Qian 1997, p. 20.
↑ Gao 1992, p. 70.

References

Běijīng dàxué Zhōngguó yǔyán wénxuéxì yǔyánxué jiàoyánshì. (1989). Hànyǔ fāngyīn zìhuì. Běijīng: Wénzì gǎigé chūbǎnshè. (北京大學中國語言文學系語言學教研室. 1989. 漢語方音字匯. 北京: 文字改革出版社)
Gāo, Wéndá. (1992). Jǐnán fāngyán zhì. (高文達. 1992. 濟南方言志.)
Norman, Jerry. [1988] (2002). Chinese. Cambridge: CUP ISBN 0-521-29653-6
Qián, Céngyí. (1997). Jǐnán fāngyán cídiǎn. Jiāngsū jiàoyù chūbǎnshè. (錢曾怡. 1997. 濟南方言詞典. 江蘇教育出版社.)
Qián, Céngyí. (2010). Hànyǔ guānhuà fāngyán yánjiū. Jìlǔ shūshè. (錢曾怡. 2010. 漢語官話方言研究. 冀魯書社.)
Yuán, Jiāhuá. (1989). Hànyǔ fāngyán gàiyào (An introduction to Chinese dialects). Beijing: Wénzì gǎigé chūbǎnshè. (袁家驊. 1989. 漢語方言概要. 北京:文字改革出版社.)

External links

Cantonese and other dialects (in Chinese)
Classification of Jilu Dialects from Glossika

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[1] Qian 2002, p. 10-15.

[2] Qian 2002, p. 10-15.

[3] Qian 2002, p. 7.

[4] Qian 2002, p. 7.

[5] Qian 2002, p. 7.

[6] Qian 1997, p. 20.

[7] Gao 1992, p. 70.

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