Peligran

The Peligran (Spanish: Peligrense) age is a period of geologic time within the Paleocene epoch of the Paleogene, used more specifically with South American land mammal ages (SALMA).^[1] It may follow the Tiupampan and precede the Itaboraian or Riochican ages, though the exact sequence of Paleocene-Eocene SALMAs is still debated.^[2]^[3] Radiometric dating of the upper Salamanca Formation suggests that the Peligran occupies an interval from about 63.8 to 63.2 million years ago,^[4]^[5] which is several million years older than previous estimates.^[2]^[6]

Etymology

The age is named after the paleontological site Punta Peligro [es] in Argentina.

Formations

Locations of Peligran formations

Formation bold is type	Country	Basin	Notes
Salamanca Formation	Argentina	Golfo San Jorge Basin	^[7]
Bogotá Formation	Colombia	Altiplano Cundiboyacense	^[8]
Cerrejón Formation	Colombia	Cesar-Ranchería Basin	^[9]
Chota Formation	Peru	Bagua Basin	^[10]^[11]
Guaduas Formation	Colombia	Altiplano Cundiboyacense	^[12]
Peñas Coloradas Formation	Argentina	Golfo San Jorge Basin	^[7]
Santa Lucía Formation	Bolivia	Potosí Basin	^[13]

Fossils

Group	Fossils	Formation	Notes
Mammals	Amphidolops yapa, Carodnia feruglioi, Notoetayoa gargantuai, Wainka tshotshe, Borhyaenidae indet., Eutheria indet.	Peñas Coloradas	^[14]^[15] ^[16]
Mammals	Derorhynchus aff. minutus, Escribania chubutensis, Escribania talonicuspis, Monotrematum sudamericanum, Peligrotherium tropicalis, Raulvaccia peligrensis, Requisia vidmari, Sudamerica ameghinoi, Didelphopsis sp., Polydolopimorphia sp., Bonapartheriidae, Metatheria indet., Placentalia indet., cf. Sparassodonta indet.	Salamanca	^[17]^[18]
Reptiles & amphibians	aff. Allognathosuchus sp., Hydromedusa cf. casamayorensis, Kawasphenodon peligrensis, Naiadochelys cf. patagonica, Necrosuchus ionensis, Peligrochelys walshae, Yaminuechelys maior, Caimaninae indet., Leptodactylidae indet., ?Pipidae indet.	Salamanca	^[17]^[19]
	Acherontisuchus guajiraensis, Anthracosuchus balrogus, Carbonemys cofrinii, Cerrejonemys wayuunaiki, Cerrejonisuchus improcerus, Pelomedusoides sp., Puentemys mushaisaensis, Titanoboa cerrejonensis	Cerrejón	^[20]^[21]
	Crocodylia sp.	Peñas Coloradas	^[15]
Fishes	Dipnoi sp., Elopomorpha sp.	Cerrejón	^[20]
Flora	Menispina evidens	Bogotá	^[22]

References

↑ "Peligran". Paleo Database. Archived from the original on 2007-10-29.
1 2 Gelfo, Javier N.; Goin, Francisco J.; Woodburne, Michael O.; Muizon, Christian De (2009). "BIOCHRONOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE EARLIEST SOUTH AMERICAN PALEOGENE MAMMALIAN FAUNAS". Palaeontology. 52 (1): 251–269. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00835.x. ISSN 0031-0239.
↑ del Campo, Eric N.; Chimento, Nicolás R.; Agnolín, Federico L. (2026-05-04). "Postcranial remains of Eutherian mammals from Punta Peligro (Paleocene), Patagonia, Argentina". Historical Biology. 38 (5): 1485–1499. doi:10.1080/08912963.2025.2537151. ISSN 0891-2963.
↑ Clyde, W. C.; Wilf, P.; Iglesias, A.; Slingerland, R. L.; Barnum, T.; Bijl, P. K.; Bralower, T. J.; Brinkhuis, H.; Comer, E. E.; Huber, B. T.; Ibanez-Mejia, M.; Jicha, B. R.; Krause, J. M.; Schueth, J. D.; Singer, B. S. (2014-03-01). "New age constraints for the Salamanca Formation and lower Rio Chico Group in the western San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction recovery and land mammal age correlations". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 126 (3–4): 289–306. doi:10.1130/B30915.1. ISSN 0016-7606.
↑ Woodburne, Michael O.; Goin, Francisco J.; Raigemborn, Maria Sol; Heizler, Matt; Gelfo, Javier N.; Oliveira, Edison V. (2014). "Revised timing of the South American early Paleogene land mammal ages". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 54: 109–119. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.05.003.
↑ Woodburne, Michael O.; Goin, Francisco J.; Bond, Mariano; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Gelfo, Javier N.; López, Guillermo M.; Iglesias, A.; Zimicz, Ana N. (2014-03-01). "Paleogene Land Mammal Faunas of South America; a Response to Global Climatic Changes and Indigenous Floral Diversity". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 21 (1): 1–73. doi:10.1007/s10914-012-9222-1. ISSN 1573-7055.
1 2 Clyde et al., 2014, p.303
↑ Bayona et al., 2012, p.103
↑ Jaramillo et al., 2007, p.168
↑ Chacaltana et al., 2015, p.2
↑ Castro Medina, 2010, p.53
↑ Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.54
↑ Sempere et al., 1997, p.709
↑ Bajo de la Palangana at Fossilworks.org
1 2 Cerro Redondo at Fossilworks.org
↑ Puerto Visser 2 at Fossilworks.org
1 2 Punta Peligro at Fossilworks.org
↑ Bonaparte & Morales, 1997, p.266
↑ Necrosuchus at Fossilworks.org
1 2 La Puente Pit at Fossilworks.org
↑ Anthracosuchus at Fossilworks.org
↑ Menispina evidens at Fossilworks.org

Bibliography

Peñas Coloradas Formation

Clyde, William C.; Wilf, Peter; Iglesias, Ari; Slingerland, Rudy L.; Bijl, Peter K.; Bralower, Timothy J.; Brinkhuis, Henk; Comer, Emily; Huber, Mauricio Ibañez Mejia, Brian R. Jicha, J. Marcelo Krause, Jonathan D. Schueth, Bradley S. Singer, María Sol Raigemborn, Mark D. Schmitz, Appy Sluijs, and María del Carmen Zamaloa, Brian T. (2014), "New age constraints for the Salamanca Formation and lower Río Chico Group in the western San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction recovery and land mammal age correlations" (PDF), GSA Bulletin, 126 (3–4): 289–306, Bibcode:2014GSAB..126..289C, doi:10.1130/B30915.1, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-10, retrieved 2017-08-15{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010), "Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno inferior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut" (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 67: 239–256, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-21, retrieved 2017-08-15

Bogotá Formation

Bloch, Jonathan Ivan; Cadena, Edwin; Hastings, Alexander; Rincón, Aldo F.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2008), "Vertebrate faunas from the Paleocene Bogotá Formation of northern Colombia (Abstract)", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 68th Annual Meeting: _, retrieved 2017-03-29
Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo (1992), Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana, Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros, pp. 1–20
Montoya Arenas, Diana María; Reyes Torres, Germán Alfonso (2005), Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–104

Cerrejón Formation

Ayala Calvo, Rosa Carolina (2009), Análisis tectonoestratigráfico y de procedencia en la Subcuenca de Cesar: Relación con los sistemas petroleros (MSc.) (PDF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, pp. 1–255, archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-12-06, retrieved 2017-06-14
Cadena, Edwin A.; Schweitzer, Mary H. (2014), "A Pelomedusoid Turtle from the Paleocene–Eocene of Colombia Exhibiting Preservation of Blood Vessels and Osteocytes", Journal of Herpetology, 48 (4): 461–465, doi:10.1670/13-046, retrieved 2019-02-12
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Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2014), "A new blunt-snouted dyrosaurid, Anthracosuchus balrogus gen. et sp. nov. (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia), from the Palaeocene of Colombia" (PDF), Historical Biology, 27 (8): 998–1020, Bibcode:2015HBio...27..998H, doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.918968, retrieved 2017-06-14
Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2011), "A new longirostrine Dyrosaurid (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Paleocene of north-eastern Colombia: Biogeographocal and behavioural implications for New-World Dyrosayridae" (PDF), Palaeontology, 54: 1095–1116, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01092.x, retrieved 2017-06-14
Head, J.J.; Bloch, J.I.; Hastings, A.K.; Bourque, J.R.; Cadena, E.A.; Herrera, F.A.; Polly, P.D.; Jaramillo, C.A. (2009), "Giant boid snake from the paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures", Nature, 457 (7230): 715–718, Bibcode:2009Natur.457..715H, doi:10.1038/nature07671, PMID 19194448, retrieved 2017-06-14
Herrera, Fabiany A.; Jaramillo, Carlos A.; Dilcher, David L.; Wing, Scott L.; Gómez N, Carolina (2008), "Fossil Araceae from a Paleocene neotropical rainforest in Colombia", American Journal of Botany, 95 (12): 1569–1583, doi:10.3732/ajb.0800172, PMID 21628164, retrieved 2017-06-14^{[dead link]}
Hernández, Marina (2003), Geología de la Plancha 48 La Jagua de Ibírico - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–102
Jaramillo, Carlos A.; Bayona, Germán; Pardo Trujillo, Andres; Rueda, Milton; Torres, Vladimir; Harrington, Guy J.; Mora, Germán (2007), "The palynology of the Cerrejón Formation (Upper Paleocene) of northern Colombia" (PDF), Palynology, 31 (1): 153–189, Bibcode:2007Paly...31..153J, doi:10.2113/gspalynol.31.1.153, retrieved 2017-08-15
Ojeda Marulanda, Carolina; Sánchez Quiñónez, Carlos Alberto (2013), "Petrografía, petrología y análisis de procedencia de unidades paleógenas en las cuencas Cesar - Ranchería y Catatumbo" (PDF), Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, 35: 67–80, retrieved 2017-06-14
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Chota Formation

Castro Medina, Walter Fidel (2010), Geología, informe temático. Proyecto Zonificación Ecológica y Económica del departamento de Amazonas (PDF), Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), pp. 1–76, retrieved 2018-09-04
Chacaltana, César; Benites Cañote, Alexandra Lucytania; Valdivia, Waldir; Chumpitaz, Marco (2014), La formación Chota en la Cuenca Bagua: Evaluación e implicancias del criterio de clasificación litoestratigráfico, Congreso Peruano de Geología, pp. 1–4, retrieved 2017-08-15

Guaduas Formation

Amaya, Erika; Mariño, Jorge; Jaramillo, Carlos (2010), "Litofacies y ambientes de acumulación de la Formación Guaduas en al parte central de la Cordillera Oriental - implicaciones paleogeográficas", Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, 32 (1): _, retrieved 2017-03-16

Salamanca Formation

Apesteguia, Sebastián; Gómez, Raúl O.; Rougier, Guillermo W. (2014), "The youngest South American rhynchocephalian, a survivor of the K/Pg extinction", Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281 (1792) 20140811, doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0811, hdl:11336/6525, PMC 4150314, PMID 25143041
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Santa Lucía Formation

Buffetaut, É.; Marshall, L.G. (1991), A new crocodilian, Sebecus querejazus, nov. sp. (Mesosuchia, Sebecidae) from the Santa Lucía Formation (Early Paleocene) at Vila Vila, Southern Bolivia, Revista Técnica de YPFB, pp. 545–557
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[FWPeligran-1] "Peligran". Paleo Database. Archived from the original on 2007-10-29.

[:0-2] 1 2 Gelfo, Javier N.; Goin, Francisco J.; Woodburne, Michael O.; Muizon, Christian De (2009). "BIOCHRONOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE EARLIEST SOUTH AMERICAN PALEOGENE MAMMALIAN FAUNAS". Palaeontology. 52 (1): 251–269. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00835.x. ISSN 0031-0239.

[3] Campo, Eric N.; Chimento, Nicolás R.; Agnolín, Federico L. (2026-05-04). "Postcranial remains of Eutherian mammals from Punta Peligro (Paleocene), Patagonia, Argentina". Historical Biology. 38 (5): 1485–1499. doi:10.1080/08912963.2025.2537151. ISSN 0891-2963.

[4] Clyde, W. C.; Wilf, P.; Iglesias, A.; Slingerland, R. L.; Barnum, T.; Bijl, P. K.; Bralower, T. J.; Brinkhuis, H.; Comer, E. E.; Huber, B. T.; Ibanez-Mejia, M.; Jicha, B. R.; Krause, J. M.; Schueth, J. D.; Singer, B. S. (2014-03-01). "New age constraints for the Salamanca Formation and lower Rio Chico Group in the western San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction recovery and land mammal age correlations". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 126 (3–4): 289–306. doi:10.1130/B30915.1. ISSN 0016-7606.

[5] Woodburne, Michael O.; Goin, Francisco J.; Raigemborn, Maria Sol; Heizler, Matt; Gelfo, Javier N.; Oliveira, Edison V. (2014). "Revised timing of the South American early Paleogene land mammal ages". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 54: 109–119. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.05.003.

[6] Woodburne, Michael O.; Goin, Francisco J.; Bond, Mariano; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Gelfo, Javier N.; López, Guillermo M.; Iglesias, A.; Zimicz, Ana N. (2014-03-01). "Paleogene Land Mammal Faunas of South America; a Response to Global Climatic Changes and Indigenous Floral Diversity". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 21 (1): 1–73. doi:10.1007/s10914-012-9222-1. ISSN 1573-7055.

[Clyde_p303-7] 1 2 Clyde et al., 2014, p.303

[Bayona_p103-8] Bayona et al., 2012, p.103

[Jaramillo2007_p168-9] Jaramillo et al., 2007, p.168

[Chacaltana_p2-10] Chacaltana et al., 2015, p.2

[CastroMedina2010_p53-11] Castro Medina, 2010, p.53

[Montoya_p54-12] Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.54

[Sempere1997_p709-13] Sempere et al., 1997, p.709

[FWBajoDeLaPalangana2-14] Bajo de la Palangana at Fossilworks.org

[FWCerroRedondo2-15] 1 2 Cerro Redondo at Fossilworks.org

[FWPuertoVisser2-16] Puerto Visser 2 at Fossilworks.org

[FWPuntaPeligro-17] 1 2 Punta Peligro at Fossilworks.org

[BonaparteMorales1997_p266-18] Bonaparte & Morales, 1997, p.266

[FWNecrosuchus-19] Necrosuchus at Fossilworks.org

[FWLaPuentePit-20] 1 2 La Puente Pit at Fossilworks.org

[FWAnthracosuchus-21] Anthracosuchus at Fossilworks.org

[FWMenispinaEvidens-22] Menispina evidens at Fossilworks.org

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