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South American land mammal age

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South American land mammal age is located in South America
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
Locations of SALMA type localities
Image Pleistocene ages
Image Pliocene ages
Image Miocene ages
Image Oligocene ages
Image Eocene ages
Image Paleocene ages

The South American land mammal ages (SALMA) establish a geologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna beginning 64.5 Ma during the Paleocene and continuing through to the Late Pleistocene (0.011 Ma). These periods are referred to as ages, stages, or intervals and were established using geographic place names where fossil materials where obtained.[1]

The basic unit of measurement is the first/last boundary statement. This shows that the first appearance event of one taxon is known to predate the last appearance event of another. If two taxa are found in the same fossil quarry or at the same stratigraphic horizon, then their age-range zones overlap.

Background

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South America was an island continent for much of the Cenozoic, or the "Age of Mammals". As a result, its mammals evolved in their own unique directions, as Australia and Madagascar still have today.

Paleogeographic timeline

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A simplified paleogeographic timeline of South America:[2]

  • 66 Ma – South America was connected to both North America and Antarctica. Soon after this point, it lost its connection to North America.
  • 66–50 Ma – Tiupampan to Casamayoran - South America was connected to Antarctica which, in turn, was connected to Australia. The Antarctica–Australia connection was lost around the end of this interval or perhaps as much as 15 million years later.
  • 50–34 Ma – Casamayoran to Tinguirirican - South America was connected to Antarctica, which was not yet covered by ice.
  • 34 Ma – Tinguirirican - South America and Antarctica became detached and glaciations started to form in Antarctica.
  • 34–9 Ma – Tinguirirican to Chasicoan - South America had no land connections to any other continent.
  • 9–3 Ma – Huayquerian to Chapadmalalan - islands formed between South and North America. A complete Isthmus of Panama most likely formed near the end of this interval, leading to the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI).
  • 3 Ma to present – Uquian to Holocene - the land connection between South and North America is established and migration between the formerly separated continents occurs. Significantly higher rates of extinction due to climatic changes occur in South America compared to North America, resulting in an asymmetrical exchange of species between the continents. North American originating taxa diversify significantly in South America during this period.[3] It was previously believed this asymmetry was due to the main migrational route being from north to south, rather than the opposite way.
  • Pleistocene – the glacials and interglacials of the Pleistocene caused drastic eustatic sea level changes, widening and narrowing the land bridge at the 'bottleneck' of Panama. As a side-effect, the vegetation changed during this period of strong climatic changes.
  • Late Pleistocene – the earliest humans arrived in South America and settled in various parts of the continent. Evidence for cohabitation with the latest Pleistocene megafauna has been found at multiple locations, such as Monte Verde in coastal Chile and Tibitó on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in Colombia.
Albian
Since about 110 million years ago, South America and Africa are detached
Image
Antarctica, Australia and South America were attached as one large isolated paleocontinent for about 15 million years
Image
The Drake Passage, separating South America from Antarctica, was formed since the latest Eocene (~35 Ma)
The paleogeographical history of South America, with the separation from Africa and Antarctica

Definitions

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Including some revised age estimates for Paleogene units.[4][5][6]

Epoch SALMA Top age (Ma) Base age (Ma) Etymology Country Location
Holocene
0
0.011
Late PleistoceneLujanian
0.011
0.4
Luján FormationImage ArgentinaBuenos Aires Province
Mid PleistoceneEnsenadan
0.4
1.95
La Ensenada FormationImage ArgentinaBuenos Aires Province
Early PleistoceneMarplatan
1.95
3.3
Uquía FormationImage ArgentinaJujuy Province
Late PlioceneChapadmalalan
3.3
5
Chapadmalal FormationImage ArgentinaBuenos Aires Province
Early PlioceneMontehermosan
5.0
6.8
Monte Hermoso FormationImage ArgentinaBuenos Aires Province
Late Miocene
Huayquerian
6.8
9.0
Huayquerías FormationImage ArgentinaMendoza Province
Chasicoan
9.0
10.0
Arroyo Chasicó FormationImage ArgentinaBuenos Aires Province
Mayoan
10.0
11.8
Río Mayo FormationImage ArgentinaChubut Province
Mid MioceneLaventan
11.8
13.8
La Venta faunaImage ColombiaHuila Department
Colloncuran
13.8
15.5
Collón Curá FormationImage ArgentinaNeuquén Province
Early MioceneFriasian
15.5
16.3
Río Frías FormationImage ChileAysén Region
Santacrucian
16.3
17.5
Santa Cruz FormationImage ArgentinaSanta Cruz Province
Colhuehuapian
17.5
21.0
Colhué Huapí MemberImage ArgentinaChubut Province
Deseadan
21.0
29.0
Deseado FormationImage ArgentinaSanta Cruz Province
Late Oligocene
Early OligoceneTinguirirican
29.0
36.0
Tinguiririca faunaImage ChileO'Higgins Region
Late Eocene
Late EoceneDivisaderan
?
?
Divisadero Largo FormationImage ArgentinaMendoza Province
Middle EoceneMustersan
36.0
38.0
Lake MustersImage ArgentinaChubut Province
Casamayoran
38.0
48.0
Casamayor FormationImage ArgentinaSanta Cruz Province
Early EoceneRiochican
~49.0
~49.0
Río Chico GroupImage ArgentinaChubut Province
Itaboraian
50.0
53.0
Itaboraí FormationImage BrazilRio de Janeiro State
Late Paleocene
Mid Paleocene
Early PaleocenePeligran
63.2
63.8
Punta PeligroImage ArgentinaChubut Province
Tiupampan
63.8
64.5
TiupampaImage BoliviaCochabamba Department


Cenozoic fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South America

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The following formations have provided vertebrate, insect or plant fossils, formations with other invertebrates are excluded:

SALMA Formations Country Location Notes
LujanianLuján FormationImage ArgentinaSalado Basin
Chaco FormationImage ArgentinaChaco Basin
Chíu-Chíu FormationImage ChileCalama Basin
Dolores FormationImage UruguayNorte Basin
El Palmar FormationImage ArgentinaParaná Basin
Fortin Tres Pozos FormationImage ArgentinaChaco Basin
Los Hoyos bedsImage ColombiaUpper Magdalena Valley
La Huaca FormationImage PeruSechura Basin
La Invernada FormationImage ArgentinaChaco Basin
Ñuapua FormationImage BoliviaChuquisaca Department
Pampa La Brea FormationImage PeruTalara Basin
Rotinet FormationImage ColombiaSinú-San Jacinto Basin
Sabana FormationImage ColombiaAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Saladillo FormationImage ArgentinaPampean Region
Salto Ander Egg FormationImage ArgentinaParaná Basin
San Sebastián FormationImage PeruEastern Peruvian Andes
Santa Clara FormationImage ArgentinaBuenos Aires Province
Santa Vitória FormationImage BrazilPelotas Basin
Soatá FormationImage ColombiaAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Sopas FormationImage UruguayNorte Basin
Tarija FormationImage BoliviaTarija Basin
Tezanos Pinto FormationImage ArgentinaParaná Basin
Touro Passo FormationImage BrazilParaná Basin
Ulloma FormationImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
EnsenadanLa Ensenada FormationImage ArgentinaSalado Basin
Belgrano FormationImage ArgentinaBuenos Aires Province
Chíu-Chíu FormationImage ChileCalama Basin
Graxaim FormationImage BrazilPelotas Basin
Mesa FormationImage VenezuelaEastern Venezuela Basin
Miramar FormationImage ArgentinaClaromecó Basin
Sabana FormationImage ColombiaAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Tarija FormationImage BoliviaTarija Basin
Ulloma FormationImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Umala FormationImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Uquía FormationImage ArgentinaEastern Argentinian Andes
Vorohué FormationImage ArgentinaClaromecó Basin
Yupoí FormationImage ArgentinaParaná Basin
MarplatanUquía FormationImage ArgentinaEastern Argentinian Andes
Bahía Inglesa FormationImage ChileCaldera Basin
Charana FormationImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Chíu-Chíu FormationImage ChileCalama Basin
Hernandarías FormationImage ArgentinaParaná Basin
La Paz FormationImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Sacaba FormationImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
San Andrés FormationImage ArgentinaClaromecó Basin
San Gregorio FormationImage VenezuelaFalcón Basin
Umala FormationImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Vorohué FormationImage ArgentinaClaromecó Basin
Ware FormationImage ColombiaCocinetas Basin
ChapadmalalanChapadmalal FormationImage ArgentinaClaromecó Basin
Puerto Alvear FormationImage ArgentinaParaná Basin
Andalhuala FormationImage ArgentinaSanta María-Hualfín Basin
Bahía Inglesa FormationImage ChileCaldera Basin
Brochero FormationImage ArgentinaSierras de Córdoba
Chíu-Chíu FormationImage ChileCalama Basin
Coquimbo FormationImage ChileTongoy Bay
Horcón FormationImage ChileValparaíso Basin
La Paz FormationImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
La Portada FormationImage ChileTiburón Basin
Pisco FormationImage PeruPisco Basin
Río Quinto FormationImage ArgentinaPampa de Las Salinas Basin
San Gregorio FormationImage VenezuelaFalcón Basin
San José FormationImage Argentina
Image Uruguay
Salado Basin
Santa Lucía Basin
Toro Negro FormationImage ArgentinaSierra de Los Colorados
Umala FormationImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Ware FormationImage ColombiaCocinetas Basin
MontehermosanMonte Hermoso FormationImage ArgentinaClaromecó Basin
Aconquija FormationImage ArgentinaSierra del Aconquija
Andalhuala FormationImage ArgentinaSanta María-Hualfín Basin
Bahía Inglesa FormationImage ChileCaldera Basin
Caleta Herradura FormationImage ChileTiburón Basin
Casira FormationImage BoliviaPotosí mountain range
Codore FormationImage VenezuelaFalcón Basin
Coquimbo FormationImage ChileTongoy Bay
Corral Quemado FormationImage ArgentinaSanta María-Hualfín Basin
Ipururo FormationImage PeruUcayali Basin
La Paz FormationImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Letrero FormationImage EcuadorNabón Basin
Navidad FormationImage ChileChilean Coast Range
Onzole FormationImage EcuadorBorbón Basin
Palo Pintado FormationImage ArgentinaSalta Basin
Paraguaná FormationImage VenezuelaFalcón Basin
Pisco FormationImage PeruPisco Basin
Puerta del Diablo FormationImage ArgentinaValdés Basin
Raigón FormationImage UruguayNorte Basin
Remedios FormationImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Río Negro FormationImage ArgentinaColorado Basin
Río Quinto FormationImage ArgentinaPampa de Las Salinas Basin
San José FormationImage Argentina
Image Uruguay
Salado Basin
Santa Lucía Basin
Solimões FormationImage BrazilSolimões Basin
Umala FormationImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
HuayquerianHuayquerías FormationImage ArgentinaCuyo Basin
Andalhuala FormationImage ArgentinaSanta María-Hualfín Basin
Bahía Inglesa Formation - Cerro BallenaImage ChileCaldera Basin
Camacho FormationImage UruguayNorte & Santa Lucía Basins
Cerro Azul FormationImage ArgentinaColorado Basin
Chiquimil FormationImage ArgentinaSanta María-Hualfín Basin
Coquimbo FormationImage ChileTongoy Bay
Las Flores FormationImage ArgentinaSierra del Tontal
Entrerriana FormationImage ArgentinaChaco Basin
Epecuén FormationImage ArgentinaClaromecó Basin
Içá FormationImage BrazilMadre de Deus Basin
Iñapari FormationImage PeruMadre de Dios Basin
India Muerta FormationImage ArgentinaSierras Pampeanas
Ituzaingó FormationImage ArgentinaParaná Basin
Kiyu FormationImage UruguaySanta Lucía Basin
Madre de Dios FormationImage PeruMadre de Dios Basin
Maimará FormationImage ArgentinaEastern Argentinian Andes
Mauri FormationImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Miramar FormationImage PeruSechura Basin
El Morterito FormationImage ArgentinaCajón Valley
Muyu Huasi FormationImage BoliviaMuyu Huasi Basin
Navidad FormationImage ChileChilean Coast Range
Palo Pintado FormationImage ArgentinaSalta Basin
Paraná FormationImage ArgentinaChaco Basin
Pebas FormationImage Brazil
Image Colombia
Image Ecuador
Image Peru
Amazon Basin
Piquete FormationImage ArgentinaSalta Basin
Pisco FormationImage PeruPisco Basin
Quehua FormationImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Raigón FormationImage UruguayNorte Basin
Rosa Pata FormationImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Saldungaray FormationImage ArgentinaBuenos Aires Province
Salicas FormationImage ArgentinaSierra de Velasco
Solimões FormationImage BrazilSolimões Basin
Urumaco FormationImage VenezuelaFalcón Basin
ChasicoanArroyo Chasicó FormationImage ArgentinaColorado Basin
Bahía Inglesa FormationImage ChileCaldera Basin
Caujarao FormationImage VenezuelaFalcón Basin
Cerro Azul FormationImage ArgentinaColorado Basin
Coquimbo FormationImage ChileTongoy Bay
Loma de Las Tapias FormationImage ArgentinaTulum Valley
Madre de Dios FormationImage PeruMadre de Dios Basin
Mauri FormationImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Navidad FormationImage ChileChilean Coast Range
Palo Pintado FormationImage ArgentinaAngastaco Basin
Paraná FormationImage ArgentinaChaco Basin
Pebas FormationImage Brazil
Image Colombia
Image Ecuador
Image Peru
Amazon Basin
Pisco FormationImage PeruPisco Basin
Puerto Madryn FormationImage ArgentinaValdés Basin
Urumaco Formation - Urumaco faunaImage VenezuelaFalcón Basin
MayoanRío Mayo FormationImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Coquimbo FormationImage ChileTongoy Bay
Gran Bajo del Gualicho FormationImage ArgentinaColorado Basin
Huaylas FormationImage ChileParinacota Province
Mauri FormationImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Navidad FormationImage ChileChilean Coast Range
Paraná FormationImage ArgentinaChaco Basin
Pebas FormationImage Brazil
Image Colombia
Image Ecuador
Image Peru
Amazon Basin
Pisco FormationImage PeruPisco Basin
Puerto Madryn FormationImage ArgentinaValdés Basin
Urumaco FormationImage VenezuelaFalcón Basin
Yecua FormationImage BoliviaParaná Basin
LaventanHonda Group - La Venta faunaImage ColombiaUpper Magdalena Valley
Honda Group - Quebrada Honda faunaImage BoliviaQuebrada Honda Basin
Aisol FormationImage ArgentinaSan Rafael Block
Bahía Inglesa FormationImage ChileCaldera Basin
Capadare FormationImage VenezuelaFalcón Basin
Choquecota FormationImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Cura-Mallín GroupImage ChileCura-Mallín Basin
Gran Bajo del Gualicho FormationImage ArgentinaColorado Basin
Ipururo FormationImage PeruUcayali Basin
Mariño FormationImage ArgentinaCuyo Basin
Mauri FormationImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Paraná FormationImage ArgentinaChaco Basin
Pebas FormationImage Brazil
Image Colombia
Image Ecuador
Image Peru
Amazon Basin
Pisco FormationImage PeruPisco Basin
Santa Inés FormationImage VenezuelaEastern Venezuela Basin
Sincelejo FormationImage ColombiaSinú-San Jacinto Basin
Socorro FormationImage VenezuelaFalcón Basin
Urumaco FormationImage VenezuelaFalcón Basin
ColloncuranCollón Curá FormationImage ArgentinaCañadón Asfalto Basin
Neuquén Basin
Castilletes FormationImage ColombiaCocinetas Basin
Cerdas bedsImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Cura-Mallín GroupImage ChileCura-Mallín Basin
Gran Bajo del Gualicho FormationImage ArgentinaColorado Basin
Mariño FormationImage ArgentinaCuyo Basin
Mauri FormationImage BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Nazareno FormationImage BoliviaTupiza Basin
Pebas FormationImage Brazil
Image Colombia
Image Ecuador
Image Peru
Amazon Basin
Pisco FormationImage PeruPisco Basin
FriasianRío Frías FormationImage ChileAysén Basin
Castilletes FormationImage ColombiaCocinetas Basin
Chilcatay FormationImage PeruPisco Basin
Cura-Mallín GroupImage ChileCura-Mallín Basin
Gran Bajo del Gualicho FormationImage ArgentinaColorado Basin
Parángula FormationImage VenezuelaBarinas-Apure Basin
Pebas FormationImage Brazil
Image Colombia
Image Ecuador
Image Peru
Amazon Basin
Río Foyel FormationImage ArgentinaPatagonian Andes
Río Yuca FormationImage VenezuelaBarinas-Apure Basin
SantacrucianSanta Cruz FormationImage ArgentinaAustral Basin
Aisol FormationImage ArgentinaSan Rafael Block
Cantaure FormationImage VenezuelaFalcón Basin
Castillo FormationImage VenezuelaFalcón Basin
Cerro Boleadoras FormationImage ArgentinaAustral Basin
Chaguaramas FormationImage VenezuelaEastern Venezuela Basin
Chilcatay FormationImage PeruPisco Basin
Chucal Formation - Chucal faunaImage ChileAltiplano Basin
Cura-Mallín GroupImage ChileCura-Mallín Basin
Gran Bajo del Gualicho FormationImage ArgentinaColorado Basin
Jimol FormationImage ColombiaCocinetas Basin
Mariño FormationImage ArgentinaCuyo Basin
Pinturas FormationImage ArgentinaAustral Basin
Río Yuca FormationImage VenezuelaBarinas-Apure Basin
ColhuehuapianColhué Huapí MemberImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Abanico FormationImage ChileAbanico Basin
Biblián FormationImage EcuadorCuenca Basin
Castillo FormationImage VenezuelaFalcón Basin
Cerro Bandera FormationImage ArgentinaNeuquén Basin
Chichinales FormationImage ArgentinaNeuquén Basin
Chilcatay FormationImage PeruPisco Basin
Cura-Mallín GroupImage ChileCura-Mallín Basin
Gaiman FormationImage ArgentinaValdés Basin
Gran Bajo del Gualicho FormationImage ArgentinaColorado Basin
Monte León FormationImage ArgentinaAustral Basin
Montera FormationImage PeruSechura Basin
Pirabas FormationImage BrazilAmazon Basin
Río Jeinemeni FormationImage ArgentinaAustral Basin
Sarmiento FormationImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Uitpa FormationImage ColombiaCocinetas Basin
DeseadanDeseado FormationImage ArgentinaDeseado Massif
Abanico FormationImage ChileAbanico Basin
Agua de la Piedra FormationImage ArgentinaPrecordillera
Barzalosa FormationImage ColombiaUpper Magdalena Valley
Chambira FormationImage PeruUcayali Basin
Chilcatay FormationImage PeruPisco Basin
Dos Bocas FormationImage EcuadorProgreso Basin
Fray Bentos FormationImage Argentina
Image Uruguay
Paraná Basin
Gaiman FormationImage ArgentinaValdés Basin
Mariño FormationImage ArgentinaCuyo Basin
Monte León FormationImage ArgentinaAustral Basin
Moquegua FormationImage PeruMoquegua Basin
Mugrosa FormationImage ColombiaMiddle Magdalena Valley
Petaca FormationImage BoliviaSubandean Belt
"Puca Group" - Lacayani faunaImage BoliviaSubandean Belt
Río Baguales FormationImage ChileAysén Basin
Salla FormationImage BoliviaSalla-Luribay Basin
Sarmiento FormationImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Tremembé Formation/São Paulo FormationImage BrazilTaubaté Basin
TinguiriricanAbanico Formation - Tinguiririca faunaImage ChileAbanico Basin
Chota FormationImage PeruBagua Basin
Entre-Corrégos FormationImage BrazilAiuruoca Basin
Gualanday GroupImage ColombiaCentral Colombian Ranges
Laguna Brava FormationImage ArgentinaPrecordillera
Loreto FormationImage ChileMagallanes Basin
El Milagro FormationImage PeruBagua Basin
Otuma FormationImage PeruPisco Basin
Sarmiento FormationImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Seca FormationImage EcuadorProgreso Basin
Soncco FormationImage PeruEastern Peruvian Andes
DivisaderanDivisadero Largo FormationImage ArgentinaCuyo Basin
Abanico FormationImage ChileAbanico Basin
Andesitas Huancache FormationImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Chota FormationImage PeruBagua Basin
Leticia FormationImage ArgentinaAustral Basin
Loreto FormationImage ChileMagallanes Basin
Paracas FormationImage PeruPisco Basin
Pozo FormationImage PeruUcayali Basin
Sarmiento FormationImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Soncco FormationImage PeruEastern Peruvian Andes
Yumaque FormationImage PeruPisco Basin
MustersanSarmiento FormationImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Abanico FormationImage ChileAbanico Basin
Andesitas Huancache FormationImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Chota FormationImage PeruBagua Basin
Geste FormationImage ArgentinaPuna Plateau
Laguna del Hunco FormationImage ArgentinaCañadón Asfalto Basin
Paracas FormationImage PeruPisco Basin
Pozo FormationImage PeruUcayali Basin
Soncco FormationImage PeruEastern Peruvian Andes
Vaca Mahuida FormationImage ArgentinaNeuquén Basin
Ventana FormationImage ArgentinaNeuquén Basin
Yahuarango Formation - Santa Rosa faunaImage PeruUcayali Basin
CasamayoranCasamayor FormationImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Abanico FormationImage ChileAbanico Basin
Bogotá FormationImage ColombiaAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Cayara FormationImage BoliviaCochabamba Department
Chota FormationImage PeruBagua Basin
Fonseca FormationImage BrazilFonseca Basin
Guabirotuba FormationImage BrazilCuritiba Basin
Huitrera FormationImage ArgentinaNeuquén Basin
Laguna del Hunco FormationImage ArgentinaCañadón Asfalto Basin
Los Cuervos FormationImage ColombiaCesar-Ranchería Basin
Lumbrera FormationImage ArgentinaSalta Basin
Maíz Gordo FormationImage ArgentinaSalta Basin
Quebrada de los Colorados FormationImage ArgentinaSalta Basin
Sarmiento FormationImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
RiochicanRío Chico GroupImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Bogotá FormationImage ColombiaAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Bororó FormationImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Chota FormationImage PeruBagua Basin
Koluel Kaike FormationImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Maíz Gordo FormationImage ArgentinaSalta Basin
Mogollón FormationImage PeruTalara & Tumbes Basins
Muñani FormationImage PeruAltiplano Basin
Peñas Coloradas FormationImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Río Loro FormationImage ArgentinaSierras Pampeanas
Salamanca FormationImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
ItaboraianItaboraí FormationImage BrazilItaboraí Basin
Bogotá FormationImage ColombiaAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Cerrejón FormationImage ColombiaCesar-Ranchería Basin
Chota FormationImage PeruBagua Basin
Koluel Kaike FormationImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Las Flores FormationImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Maíz Gordo FormationImage ArgentinaSalta Basin
Mealla FormationImage ArgentinaSalta Basin
Mogollón FormationImage PeruTalara & Tumbes Basins
Muñani FormationImage PeruAltiplano Basin
Peñas Coloradas FormationImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Río Loro FormationImage ArgentinaSierras Pampeanas
PeligranPeñas Coloradas FormationImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Bogotá FormationImage ColombiaAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Cerrejón FormationImage ColombiaCesar-Ranchería Basin
Chota FormationImage PeruBagua Basin
Guaduas FormationImage ColombiaAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Salamanca FormationImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Santa Lucía FormationImage BoliviaPotosí Basin
TiupampanSanta Lucía FormationImage BoliviaPotosí Basin
Chota FormationImage PeruBagua Basin
Guaduas FormationImage ColombiaAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Lefipán FormationImage ArgentinaCañadón Asfalto Basin
Maria Farinha FormationImage BrazilParaíba Basin
Salamanca FormationImage ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin

Fossil content

[edit]
SALMA Group Fossils Formation Notes
LujanianMammalsCalomys callosus, Chaetophractus villosus, Ctenomys lujanensis, C. magellanicus, Dilobodon lujanensis, Doedicurus clavicaudatus, Dolichotis patagonum, Dusicyon avus, Eligmodontia typus, Equus (Amerhippus) cf. curvidens, Equus caballus, Eulamaops paralellus, Eutatus seguini, Galea musteloides, Glossotherium myloides, G. robustum, Glyptodon clavipes, G. perforatus, G. reticulatus, G. rudimentarius, Hemiauchenia paradoxa, Hippidion devillei, H. principale, Holochilus brasiliensis, Lagostomus maximus, Lama glama, L. gracilis, L. guanicoe, Lestodelphys halli, Lestodon armatus, L. gaudryi, L. trigonidens, Lontra longicaudis, Lycalopex gymnocercus, Lyncodon patagonicus, Macrauchenia patachonica, Megatherium americanum, Microcavia australis, M. robusta, Morenelaphus azpeitianus, M. lujanensis, Myocastor coypus, M. priscus, Neochoerus aesopi, Neochoerus sulcidens, Neuryurus rudis, Notiomastodon platensis, Pampatherium typum, Panochthus tuberculatus, Panthera onca, Panthera platensis, Pediolagus salinicola, Pseudalopex gymnocercus, Reithrodon auritus, R. cf. physodes, Scelidotherium leptocephalum, Smilodon populator, Stegomastodon superbus, Tayassu tajacu, Tolypeutes tricinctus matacus, Toxodon bilobidens, T. platensis, Arctotherium sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp.Luján
Holmesina rondoniensisRio Madeira
BirdsCathartes fossilis, Lagopterus minutus, Nannopterum brasilianum, Sarcorhamphus fossilisLuján
InsectsCyclocephala signaticollis, Diloboderus abderus, Epipedonota cristallisata, Nyctelia picipes, Scotobius pilulariusLuján
EnsenadanMammalsEpieurycerus truncus, Tonnicinctus mirusEnsenada
Balaenoptera musculus, Eubalaena australis, Megaptera novaeangliae, Ziphiidae indet.Graxaim
Homotherium venezuelensis, Smilodon gracilis, Tapirus sp.Mesa
Eutatus sp., Mesotherium sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp., Palaeolama sp.Miramar
Equus (Amerhippus) andium, Equus (Amerhippus) insulatus, Andinomys cf. edea, Arctotherium tarijense, A. wingei, Calomys cf. lancha, Canis dirus, Canis proplatensis, Chaetophractus tarijensis, C. villosus, Charitoceros tarijensis, Chlamydotherium cf. sellowi, Chrysocyon brachyurus, Coendou magnus, Conepatus suffocans, Ctenomys brachyrhinus, C. subassentiens, Cuvieronius hyodon, C. tropicus, Dasypus cf. villosus, Dicotyles cf. major, Euphractus sexcinctus, Euryzygomatomys hoffstetteri, Felis platensis, Felis yaguaroundi, Glossotherium robustum, G. tarijensis, Glyptodon clavipes, G. reticulatus, Hemiauchenia cf. paradoxa, Hippidion bonaerensis, H. devillei, H. principale, Hoplophorus echazui, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, Kunsia fronto, Lama castelnaudi, L. glama, L. intermedia, L. mesolithica, L. cf. oweni, L. provicugna, Lestodon armatus, Lutreolina crassicaudata, Macrauchenia patagonica, Megatherium americanum, M. tarijensis, Myocastor coypus, M. perditus, Nectomys cf. squamipes, Neochoerus tarijensis, Neothoracophorus cf. elevatus, Nothropus tarijensis, Oxymycterus cf. paranensis, Palaeolama crequii, P. weddeli, Pampatherium cf. humboldtii, Panochthus cf. tuberculatus, Panthera onca, Phyllotis cf. darwini, Platygonus tarijensis, Propraopus sulcatus, Protocyon tarijensis, Pseudalopex gymnocercus, Puma concolor, Reigomys primigenus, Scelidodon tarijensis, Scelidotherium patrium, Smilodon populator, Tapirus tarijensis, Tapirus terrestris terrestris, Theriodictis tarijensis, Toxodon cf. platensis, Haplomastodon sp., Hippocamelus sp., Hydrochoerus sp., Nasua sp., Notiomastodon sp.Tarija
Hippidion devillei, Pardinamys humahuaquensis, Pseudomacrauchenia yepesi, Glyptodon sp., ?Neuryurus sp., cf. Palaeolama sp., Scelidotherium sp., Cervidae indet.Uquía
Glyptodon muniziVorohué
Hippidion principale, Holmesina paulacoutoi, Lestodon armatus, Macrauchenia patagonica, Megatherium americanum, Neolicaphrium recens, Notiomastodon platensis, Pampatherium typum, Panthera onca, Smilodon populator, Tayassu pecari, Toxodon platensis, Arctotherium sp., Arctotherium wingei, Arctotherium tarijense, Dolichotis sp., Euphractus sp., Galea sp., Glyptodon sp., Lama sp., Mazama sp., Myocastor sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp., Panochthus sp., Propraopus sp., Scelidodon sp., Stegomastodon sp., Theriodictis sp., Tolypeutes sp.Yupoí
BirdsNeochen debilisBelgrano
Anas bahamensis, Anas cheuen, Callonetta talarae, Pleistoanser bravardi, Zonotrichia robustaMiramar
Vultur gryphusTarija
Reptiles &
amphibians
Leiosaurus marelliiLa Ensenada
Caiman venezuelensis, Crocodylia indet.Mesa
Bufo cf. marinus, Ceratophrys sp.Tarija
FishesPogonias cromisGraxaim
UquianMammalsChaetophractus cf. villosus, Ctenomys chapadmalensis, Hippidion devillei, Hydrochoeropsis dasseni, Lestodon ?castellanosi, Megatherium ?uquiensis, Paraglyptodon uquiensis, Platygonus uquiensis, Pyramiodontherium ?carlesi, Windhausenia delacroixi, Xiphuroides uquiensis, Erethizon sp., ?Panochthus sp., Urotherium sp., Doedicurinae indet., Euphractinae indet., Gomphotheriidae indet., Sclerocalyptinae indet.Uquía
Macrauchenia cf. ullomensis, Glossotherium sp., Plaxhaplous sp., Cervidae indet.Charana
Megatherium medinaeChíu-Chíu
Aenigmys diamantensis, Eumysops sp.Hernandarías
Thalassocnus yaucensisPisco
Panochthus intermediusSacaba
Eumysops marplatensis, Neuryurus sp.San Andrés
Palaeolama weddelli, Doedicurus sp.San José
Macrauchenia patagonica, Scelidodon cf. tarijensis, Cervidae indet.Umala
Eumysops cavoides, E. marplatensis, Galictis sorgentini, Leopardus vorohuensis, Platygonus chapalmalensis, Protocyon scagliaruen, Smilodon riggii, Canis sp., Catagonus sp., Didelphis sp., Dolichotis sp., Dusicyon sp., Hippidion sp., Lagostomus sp., Lama sp., Megatherium sp., Mesotherium sp., Microcavia sp., Microtragulus sp., Paedotherium sp., Palaeolama sp., Pithanotomys sp., Tremacyllus sp., Toxodon sp., Windhausenia sp.Vorohué
BirdsPhalacrocorax aff. bougainvilliiPisco
Aratinga vorohuensisVorohué
ReptilesUquiasaurus heptanodontaUquía
ChapadmalalanMammalsDidelphis brachyodonta, Didelphis reigi, Lutreolina cf. crassicaudata, Paraglyptodon chapalmalensis, Platygonus marplatensis, Thylophorops chapalmalensis, Marmosa indet.Chapadmalal
Paedotherium typicum, Paramyocastor diligens, Eumysops sp.Puerto Alvear
Abrothrix magnus, Chukimys favaloroiBrochero
Caviodon multiplicatus, Doellotatus chapadmalensis, Dolicavia minuscula, Eucelophorus cf. chapalmalensis, Macrochorobates chapadmalensis, Macroeuphractus retusus, Paedotherium bonaerense, P. typicum, Pascualia aff. laeviplicata, Tremacyllus impressus, Actenomys sp., Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp., Pithanotomys sp.Río
Quinto
aff. Holmesina floridianus, Marisela gregoriana, Pliodasypus vergelianus, Boreostemma sp., Cardiatherium sp., cf. Caviodon sp., Cyonasua sp., Neoepiblema sp., Megatheriidae indet., Toxodontidae indet.San
Gregorio
Artigasia magna, Plesiomegatherium hansmeyeri, Pliomegatherium sp.San José
Chorobates villosissimus, cf. Doellotatus inornatus, Lomaphorops corallinus, Neuryurus cf. giganteus, Pyramiodontherium scillatoyanei, Xyophorus aff. bandesioi, Eoauchenia sp., Paleuphractus sp., cf. Plesiomegatherium sp., Propediolagus sp., cf. Proscelidodon sp., Protabrocoma sp., cf. Urotherium sp.Toro
Negro
Ctenomys chapadmalensis, Doellotatus chapadmalensis, Paraglyptodon uquiensis, Microcavia sp., Plaina sp., Scelidotheridium sp.Uquía
Hydrochoeropsis wayuu, Pliomegatherium lelongi, Chapalmalania sp., ?Hyperleptus sp., Nothrotherium sp., Camelidae indet., Caviidae indet., Erethizontidae indet., Glyptodontidae indet., Lestodontini indet., Megalonychidae indet., Mylodontidae indet., Pampatheriidae indet., Proterotheriidae indet., Scelidotheriinae indet., Tardigrada indet., Toxodontidae indet.Ware
BirdsLlallawavis scagliaiPlaya
Los Lobos
Allo
Reptiles &
amphibians
Rhinella lobaChapadmalal[288]
Anura indet., Squamata indet., Serpentes indet.Brochero
Crocodylus falconensisSan
Gregorio
Crocodylus sp., Alligatoridae indet., Crocodylidae indet., Podocnemididae indet.Ware
FishesCarcharhinidae indet., Characidae indet., Cichlidae indet., Cynodontidae indet., Doradidae indet., Myliobatidae indet., Pimelodidae indet., Pristidae indet., Sciaenidae indet., Serrasalmidae indet., Sphyrnidae indet.Ware
MontehermosanMammalsActenomys latidens, A. priscus, Argyrolagus palmeri, Caviodon australis, Doellotatus inornatus, Eleutherocercus antiquus, Eoauchenia primitiva, Eucelophorus cabrerai, Eumysops formosus, E. laeviplicatus, Holozaedyus laevisculptus, Hyperdidelphys inexpectata, Kraglievichimys formosus, Lagostomus euplasius, L. incises, Macrochorobates chapadmalensis, Marmosa contrerasi, Myrmecophaga caroloameghinoi, Necromys bonapartei, Notocynus hermosicus, Paedotherium bonaerense, P. typicum, Parahyaenodon argentinus, Paramyocastor diligens, Phugatherium cataclisticum, Phtoramys homogenidens, Pithanotomys columnaris, P. macer, Plaina cf. intermedia, Plohophorus figuratus, Promacrauchenia antiqua, P. kraglievichi, Proscelidodon patrius, Pseudoplataeomys formosus, Pseudotypotherium bravardi, Thylatheridium pascuali, Toxodon chapalmalensis, Tremacyllus impressus, Trigodon gaudryi, Caviodon sp., Chorobates sp., Lestodon sp., Lutreolina sp., Macroeuphractus sp., Neocavia sp., Neophanomys sp., Orthomyctera sp., Palaeocavia sp., Paleuphractus sp., Phugatherium sp., Prodolichotis sp., Pseudotypotherium sp., Sparassocynus sp., Caviidae indet., Cricetidae indet., Dasypodidae indet., Glyptodontidae indet., Macraucheniidae indet., Proterotheriidae indet., Rodentia indet., Sigmodontinae sp., Toxodontidae indet.Monte
Hermoso
Xotodon caravelaAconquija
Brachytherium laternarium, Cardiomys ameghinorum, Cavia cabrerai, Caviodon andalhualensis, Chapalmalania alteafrontis, Chorobates scalabrini, Cyonasua brevirostris, Eosclerocalyptus planus, Hemihegetotherium robustum, Microtragulus catamarcensis, Neophanomys biplicatus, Neotamandua conspicua, Orthomyctera andina, Palaeomyrmidon incomptus, Paradidelphys pattersonii, Paraeuphractus prominens, Phlyctaenopyga ameghinoi, Pithanotomys columnaris, Prodolichotis prisca, Promacrauchenia antiqua, Pyramiodontherium bergi, Scelidotherium pendolai, Sphenotherus zavaletianus, Stromaphorus compressidens, Tetrastylus intermedius, Tremacyllus latifrons, Typotheriopsis internum, Palaeocavia sp., Thylacosmilus sp., Toxodontherium sp., Xotodon sp.Andalhuala
Hemisyntrachelus sp.Bahía
Inglesa
Balaenopteridae indet., Odontoceti indet., Otariidae indet.Caleta
Herradura
Plesiotypotherium casirense, Simomylodon uccasamamensisCasira
Bolivartherium codorensis, Boreostemma pliocena, Falcontoxodon aguilerai, cf. Ischyrorhynchus vanbenedeni, Mirandabradys zabasi, Proeremotherium eljebe, Alitoxodon sp., Plesiomegatherium sp.Codore
Delphinus domeykoi, Megaptera hubachi, Pliopontos sp., ?Squalodon sp., Balaenidae indet.Coquimbo
Borhyaenidium riggsiCorral
Quemado
Posnanskytherium desaguaderoi, Macroeuphractus aff. moreni, Neosclerocalyptus sp., cf. Plohophorops sp., cf. Promacrauchenia sp.La Paz
Anadasypus aequatorianus, Caviomorpha indet., Litopterna indet., Toxodontia indet.Letrero
Cetacea indet.Paraguaná
Posnanskytherium sp., Promacrauchenia sp., Mylodontidae indet.Remedios
Plohophorus aff. figuratusRío
Negro
Oxyodontherium zeballosiRío
Quinto
Catonyx tarijensisSan José
Aymaratherium jeani, Megatherium altiplanicum, Microtragulus bolivianus, Phugatherium saavedrai, Posnanskytherium desaguaderoi, Praectenomys rhombidens, P. vagus, Sparassocynus heterotopicus, Macroeuphractus sp., cf. Plaina sp., cf. Promacrauchenia sp., ?Caenolestidae indet., Mylodontinae indet.Umala
BirdsChunga incerta, Dryornis pampeanus, Eudromia cf. elegans, Foetopterus ambiguus, Mesembriornis milneedwardsi, Palaeociconia australis, Protorhea azarae, Tinamisornis intermedius, T. parvulus, Dendrocygninae indet.Monte
Hermoso
Opisthodactylus kirchneriAndalhuala
Pygoscelis grandis, Spheniscus anglicusBahía
Inglesa
Spheniscus chilensis, Milvago sp., Phalacrocorax sp.Caleta
Herradura
cf. Palaeospheniscus sp., Spheniscus sp., Diomedeidae indet., Spheniscidae indet.Coquimbo
Reptiles &
amphibians
Ceratophrys ameghinorum, Chelonoidis cf. australis, Lepidobatrachus australis, L. laevis, Testudo formosa, Leptodactylus sp., Tupinambis sp., Bufonidae indet., Colubridae indet.Monte
Hermoso
Caiman sp., Gavialoidea indet.Ipururo
FishesCharacidae indet., Percichthyidae indet., Trichomycteridae indet.Monte
Hermoso
Carcharodon carcharias, Prionace glaucaBahía
Inglesa
Carcharodon carcharias, Carcharias sp., Carcharhinus sp., Chondrichthyes indet., Myliobatidae indet.Caleta
Herradura
Carcharodon carchariasCoquimbo
Megalodon, Brotula cf. ordwayi, Carcharhinus egertoni, Carcharhinus priscus, Chilara taylori, Eucinostomus cf. currani, Galeocerdo aduncus, Hemipristis serra, Isistius triangulus, Larimus cf. pacificus, Lepophidium microlepis, Merluccius cf. angustimanus, Negaprion eurybathrodon, Odontaspis acutissima, Orthopristis cf. cantharinus, Otophidium indefatigabile, Paraconger californiensis, Porichthys analis, P. margaritatus, P. cf. notatus, Rhizoprionodon taxandriae, Anchoa sp., Apogon sp., Citharichthys sp., Diaphus sp., Haemulon sp., Lampadena sp., Cynoglossidae indet., Gerreidae indet., Gobiidae indet., Opistognathidae indet., Pleuronectidae indet., ?Serranidae indet.Onzole
MegalodonParaguaná
Megalodon, Carcharodon hastalis, Hexanchus griseus, Pristiophorus sp.Puerta del
Diablo

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. Former name of Ituzaingó Formation
  2. Former name of Cerro Azul Formation
  3. In later research considered part of the Camacho Formation[100]

References

[edit]
  1. Flynn & Swisher, 1995
  2. Darin A. Croft - South American Fossil Mammals
  3. Carrillo, Juan D.; Faurby, Søren; Silvestro, Daniele; Zizka, Alexander; Jaramillo, Carlos; Bacon, Christine D.; Antonelli, Alexandre (2020-10-20). "Disproportionate extinction of South American mammals drove the asymmetry of the Great American Biotic Interchange". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (42): 26281–26287. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11726281C. doi:10.1073/pnas.2009397117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7585031. PMID 33020313.
  4. Kay, Richard F.; Madden, Richard H.; Vucetich, M. Guiomar; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Mazzoni, Mario M.; Re, Guillermo H.; Heizler, Matthew; Sandeman, Hamish (1999-11-09). "Revised geochronology of the Casamayoran South American Land Mammal Age: Climatic and biotic implications". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 96 (23): 13235–13240. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.23.13235. PMC 23931. PMID 10557304.
  5. Woodburne, Michael O.; Goin, Francisco J.; Bond, Mariano; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Gelfo, Javier N.; López, Guillermo M.; Iglesias, A.; Zimicz, Ana N. (2014). "Paleogene Land Mammal Faunas of South America; a Response to Global Climatic Changes and Indigenous Floral Diversity". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 21 (1): 1–73. doi:10.1007/s10914-012-9222-1. ISSN 1064-7554.
  6. Woodburne, Michael O.; Goin, Francisco J.; Raigemborn, Maria Sol; Heizler, Matt; Gelfo, Javier N.; Oliveira, Edison V. (2014). "Revised timing of the South American early Paleogene land mammal ages". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 54: 109–119. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.05.003.
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  191. López & Bond, 1995, p.92
  192. 1 2 Wilf et al., 2005, p.634
  193. Shelania at Fossilworks.org
  194. Wilf et al., 2005
  195. Campbell et al., 2014, p.13
  196. Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.252
  197. 1 2 3 4 Bayona et al., 2012, p.103
  198. Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.633
  199. Mendes et al., 2015, p.28
  200. Sedor et al., 2017, p.39
  201. Escosteguy & Franchi, 2010, p.420
  202. Hernández, 2003, p.47
  203. Cadena & Schweitzer, 2014, p.461
  204. Del Papa, 2006, p.314
  205. 1 2 3 Narváez, 2009, p.24
  206. Del Papa et al., 2013, p.59
  207. Payrola Bosio et al., 2010, p.312
  208. Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.240
  209. Scarfati et al., 2009, p.36
  210. 1 2 Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.251
  211. 1 2 Quispe Alcalá, 2010, p.21
  212. 1 2 Gelfo & Goin, 2011
  213. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Clyde et al., 2014, p.303
  214. 1 2 Pol & Powell, 2011, S9
  215. Oliveira & Goin, 2011
  216. 1 2 Jaramillo et al., 2007, p.168
  217. Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.249
  218. Sánchez & Marquillas, 2010, p.389
  219. 1 2 Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.54
  220. 1 2 Sempere et al., 1997, p.709
  221. Goin et al., 2006
  222. Carvalho et al., 2016, p.493
  223. Arroyo Tapalque at Fossilworks.org
  224. Paso Otero-Pardo at Fossilworks.org
  225. Paso Otero-Verde at Fossilworks.org
  226. 1 2 Luján at Fossilworks.org
  227. Laguna Las Encadenadas at Fossilworks.org
  228. Quequén Salado - Indio Rico at Fossilworks.org
  229. Vezzosi, 2015, pp.636-637
  230. Vezzosi, 2015, p.899
  231. Góis et al., 2012
  232. Salado River, General Belgrano at Fossilworks.org
  233. La Chumbiada at Fossilworks.org
  234. Góis et al., 2015
  235. La Plata (Ensenada) at Fossilworks.org
  236. 1 2 Graxaim at Fossilworks.org
  237. 1 2 El Breal de Orocual at Fossilworks.org
  238. El Breal de Orocual2 at Fossilworks.org
  239. 1 2 900 m SW of Punta Hermengo at Fossilworks.org
  240. Machado et al., 2014
  241. 1 2 3 Tarija at Fossilworks.org
  242. Tarija-1 at Fossilworks.org
  243. Ortiz et al., 2013
  244. Esquina Blanca - Upper Unit at Fossilworks.org
  245. Baliza Chica at Fossilworks.org
  246. Vezzosi, 2015, pp.631-632
  247. Arroyo Toropi-Level 3 at Fossilworks.org
  248. Agnolin, 2006, p.93
  249. Agnolin, 2006, p.83
  250. Agnolin, 2006, p.84
  251. Agnolin, 2006, p.86
  252. Agnolin, 2006, p.88
  253. Estación Anchorena at Fossilworks.org
  254. Esquina Blanca - Middle Unit at Fossilworks.org
  255. Charana at Fossilworks.org
  256. Jalquincha 1 at Fossilworks.org
  257. Left bank of La Ensenada Creek at Fossilworks.org
  258. East Yauca at Fossilworks.org
  259. 20 km west of Cochabamba at Fossilworks.org
  260. 1 2 Olivares & Verzi, 2015
  261. Punta San Andrés at Fossilworks.org
  262. Arroyo Tarariras at Fossilworks.org
  263. Ayo Ayo tuff at Fossilworks.org
  264. Arroyo Loberia at Fossilworks.org
  265. 15 km N Mar del Plata at Fossilworks.org
  266. Yauca at Fossilworks.org
  267. Tonni & Noriega, 1996
  268. Daza et al., 2012
  269. Mar del Plata at Fossilworks.org
  270. Bajada las Palomas at Fossilworks.org
  271. First point north of Barranca de los Lobos, level III-IV at Fossilworks.org
  272. Punta Martinez de Hoz, level III at Fossilworks.org
  273. First bajada north of Canada Chapar at Fossilworks.org
  274. Diamente Department at Fossilworks.org
  275. Barbière et al., 2016
  276. 1 2 Los Sauces River at Fossilworks.org
  277. Cantera Díaz Nogarol at Fossilworks.org
  278. Castro et al., 2014
  279. Vergel Member at Fossilworks.org
  280. Playa Kiyu at Fossilworks.org
  281. Sierra de Los Colorados at Fossilworks.org
  282. Toro Negro at Fossilworks.org
  283. Esquina Blanca - Lower Unit at Fossilworks.org
  284. 1 2 3 Moreno et al., 2015, p.35
  285. Amson et al., 2016, pp.3–15
  286. Pérez et al., 2017
  287. Degrange et al., 2015
  288. Pérez Ben et al., 2019
  289. Norte Casa Chiguaje at Fossilworks.org
  290. Police Station 470062 at Fossilworks.org
  291. Barbière et al., 2018
  292. 1 2 3 4 Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
  293. 1 2 3 Farola Monte Hermoso FI Facies at Fossilworks.org
  294. 1 2 Farola Monte Hermoso FM Facies at Fossilworks.org
  295. Farola Monte Hermoso St Facies at Fossilworks.org
  296. Farola Monte Hermoso Fcf Facies at Fossilworks.org
  297. Farola Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
  298. Barrancas de Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
  299. Farola Monte Hermoso Fsc Facies at Fossilworks.org
  300. Armella et al., 2018
  301. Candela & Bonini, 2017
  302. 1 2 Santa Maria Valley Andalhuala Fm at Fossilworks.org
  303. 1 2 3 Bahia Inglesa Unit 3 at Fossilworks.org
  304. 1 2 3 Cuenca del Tiburón at Fossilworks.org
  305. Casira Formation at Fossilworks.org
  306. Carrillo et al., 2018
  307. Casa el Jebe at Fossilworks.org
  308. La Meseta at Fossilworks.org
  309. Road to Tio Gregorio Locality at Fossilworks.org
  310. Urumaco, Biozona 4 Loc 85-FC at Fossilworks.org
  311. Mirandabradys Urumaco 03 at Fossilworks.org
  312. 1.5 km Northwest of Cerro Chiguaje at Fossilworks.org
  313. Coquimbo at Fossilworks.org
  314. Bahia de Guayacan at Fossilworks.org
  315. Bahia Herradura at Fossilworks.org
  316. Corral Quemado at Fossilworks.org
  317. La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia at Fossilworks.org
  318. RHM Locality 4 at Fossilworks.org
  319. 1 2 El Yacural at Fossilworks.org
  320. Remedios at Fossilworks.org
  321. Punta Bermeja at Fossilworks.org
  322. Arroyo La Petra at Fossilworks.org
  323. Puerto Arazatí at Fossilworks.org
  324. Pujos et al., 2016
  325. Umala, La Paz, Bolivia at Fossilworks.org
  326. Ayo Ayo at Fossilworks.org
  327. Benson, 2015
  328. Los Dedos, Pliocene at Fossilworks.org
  329. La Cantera at Fossilworks.org
  330. Chanaral de Aceituno at Fossilworks.org
  331. Nicoli, 2015
  332. Farola Monte Hermoso Neocavia at Fossilworks.org
  333. CTA-42 at Fossilworks.org
  334. CTA-59 at Fossilworks.org
  335. Tongoy area Unit 11 at Fossilworks.org
  336. Súa Member at Fossilworks.org
  337. Punta la Gorda at Fossilworks.org
  338. Punta la Colorada at Fossilworks.org
  339. Puerta del Diablo at Fossilworks.org

Bibliography

[edit]

SALMA

[edit]
  • Flynn, J.; Swisher, C.C. (1995), "Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology", Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication, 54: 317–333
Paleogene

Pebas Wetlands

[edit]

Argentina

[edit]
Paleogene
Pleistocene
Austral Basin
Santa María-Hualfín Basin
Santa Fe Province
Aconquija Formation
Agua de la Piedra Formation
Aisol Formation
Andalhuala Formation
Andesitas Huancache Formation
Arroyo Chasicó Formation
Belgrano Formation
Bororó Formation
Brochero Formation
Casamayor Formation
Cerro Azul Formation
Cerro Bandera Formation
Chapadmalal Formation
Chichinales Formation
Chiquimil Formation
Collón Curá Formation
Deseado Formation
Divisadero Largo Formation
La Ensenada Formation
Las Flores Formation, Sierra del Tontal
Las Flores Formation, Golfo San Jorge Basin
Fortín Tres Pozos Formation
Gaiman Formation
Geste Formation
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation
Hernandarias Formation
Huayquerías Formation
Huitrera Formation
India Muerta Formation
La Invernada Formation
Ituzaingó Formation
Koluel Kaike Formation
Laguna Brava Formation
Laguna del Hunco Formation
Lefipán Formation
Leticia Formation
Loma de Las Tapias Formation
Luján Formation
Lumbrera Formation
Maimará Formation
Maíz Gordo Formation
Mariño Formation
Mealla Formation
Miramar & San Andrés Formations
Monte Hermoso Formation
Monte León Formation
El Morterito Formation
Palo Pintado Formation
Paraná Formation
Peñas Coloradas Formation
Pinturas Formation
Piquete Formation
Playa de Los Lobos Allo Formation
Puerta del Diablo Formation
Puerto Madryn Formation
Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation
Río Chico Group
Río Foyel Formation
  • Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Griffin, Miguel; Asensio, Marcos; Cione, Alberto Luis; Tambussi, Claudia (2013), "Middle Cenozoic penguin remains from the Patagonian Cordillera" (PDF), Andean Geology, 40: 490–503, retrieved 2017-10-26
  • Encinas, Alfonso; Folguera, Andrés; Bechis, Florencia; Finger, Kenneth L.; Zambrano, Patricio; Pérez, Felipe; Bernabé, Pablo; Tapia, Francisca; Riffo, Ricardo; Buatois, Luis; Orts, Darío; Nielsen, Sven N.; Valencia, Victor V.; Cuitiño, José; Oliveros, Verónica; De Girolamo Del Mauro, Lizet; Ramos, Victor A. (2018). "The Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Marine Transgression of Patagonia". The Evolution of the Chilean-Argentinean Andes. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 443–474. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67774-3_18. ISBN 978-3-319-67773-6.
Río Loro Formation
Río Mayo Formation
Río Negro Formation
Río Quinto Formation
Saladillo Formation
Salamanca Formation
Saldungaray Formation
Salicas Formation
Santa Cruz Formation
Sarmiento Formation & Colhué Huapí Member
Toro Negro Formation
Uquía Formation
Vaca Mahuida Formation
Ventana Formation
Vorohué Formation
Yupoí Formation

Bolivia

[edit]
Casira Formation
Cerdas beds
Honda Group
Lacayani fauna
Ñuapua Formation
Quehua Formation
Salla Formation
Santa Lucía Formation
Tarija Formation
Umala Formation
Yecua & Petaca Formations

Brazil

[edit]
Entre-Corrégos Formation
Fonseca Formation
Graxaim Formation
Guabirotuba Formation
Içá Formation
Itaboraí Formation
Maria Farinha Formation
Pirabas Formation
Rio Madeira Formation
Santa Vitória Formation
Solimões Formation
Touro Passo Formation
Tremembé Formation

Chile

[edit]
Abanico Formation
Bahía Inglesa Formation
Caleta Herradura Formation
Chíu-Chíu Formation
Chucal Formation
Coquimbo Formation
Cura-Mallín Group
Horcón Formation
Huaylas Formation
Loreto Formation
Navidad Formation
La Portada Formation
Río Baguales Formation
Río Frías Formation

Colombia

[edit]
Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Cesar-Ranchería Basin
Cocinetas Basin
Barzalosa Formation
  • Acosta, Jorge E.; Guatame, Rafael; Caicedo A., Juan Carlos; Cárdenas, Jorge Ignacio (2002), Mapa Geológico de Colombia - Plancha 245 - Girardot - 1:100,000 - Memoria Explicativa, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–92
Gualanday Group
Honda Group
Los Hoyos beds
Mugrosa Formation
  • Gómez, Luis Alfonso; Patiño, Alejandro; Renzoni, Giancarlo; Beltrán, Alejandro; Quintero, Claudia; Manrique, Martín (2008), Geología de la Plancha 119 Barrancabermeja - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–105
Rotinet Formation
Sincelejo Formation

Ecuador

[edit]
Biblián Formation
Dos Bocas Formation
Letrero Formation
Onzole Formation
Seca Formation

Paraguay

[edit]
Chaco Formation

Peru

[edit]
Peruvian Amazon
Sechura Basin
Chambira Formation
Chilcatay Formation
Chota Formation
Iñapari Formation
Madre de Dios Formation
Mogollón Formation
Moquegua Formation
Muñani Formation
Paracas Formation
Pisco Formation
Pozo Formation
Soncco Formation
Yahuarango Formation
Yumaque Formation

Uruguay

[edit]
Pleistocene
Camacho Formation
Dolores Formation
Fray Bentos Formation
Raigón Formation
San José Formation
Sopas Formation

Venezuela

[edit]
Chaguaramas Formation
  • Horovitz, Inés; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R. (2012), El Registro Fósil del Cenozoico (PDF), Venezuela Paleontológica: Evolución de la diversidad en el pasado, pp. 133–156, retrieved 2017-10-21{{citation}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
Parángula Formation
Falcón Basin
Cantaure & Paraguaná Formations
Capadare Formation
Castillo Formation
Mesa Formation
Río Yuca Formation
San Gregorio Formation
Santa Inés Formation
Urumaco, Socorro & Codore Formations

Further reading

[edit]