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Social Republican Party

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Social Republican Party
គណបក្សសាធារណរដ្ឋសង្គម
Parti républicain social
LeaderLon Nol
Secretary-GeneralHang Thun Hak
Pan Sothy
Founded10 June 1972
Dissolved17 April 1975
Ideology
Political positionFar-right
ReligionTheravada Buddhism

The Social Republican Party (Khmer: គណបក្សសាធារណរដ្ឋសង្គម; French: Parti républicain social, PRS) was a political party in Cambodia, founded by the then-Head of State of the Khmer Republic, Lon Nol, on 10 June 1972 to contest the general election held on 3 September 1972.

History

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Founding

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The party was formed around Lon Nol's existing Socio-Republican Association, and was heavily influenced by his brother Lon Non and by the officers of the Khmer Republic's armed forces. It adopted the symbol of Angkor Wat, previously used by Prince Norodom Norindeth's Liberal Party from 1946–56.

Ideology

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Its platform was populist, nationalist and anticommunist, Lon Nol being determined to oppose North Vietnamese and Chinese influence in the region in the context of the Second Indochina War: its three principal values were declared to be "republicanism, social responsibility and nationalism". The party's main function, however, was to support and legitimise Lon Nol's leadership of the country; he was later to develop a rather ramshackle chauvinist and semi-mystical ideology called "Neo-Khmerism" to back his political agenda.[10][11][14][15][16] This Neo-Khmerism rejected capitalism based in Western individualist liberalism and communism.[17] Besides that economic liberalism and laissez-faire economics were supported.[18][19][20][21] Neo-Khmerism also was for the spreading of traditional culture[22] Neo-Khmerism was supportive of civic education.[23] Lon Nol wrote a book with the name "The New Khmer Way" also called "Blue Book" which talked about his ideology; it was printed in January 1973.[24] However, it did not get much attention[25] and only some observers like Elizabeth Becker took Lon Nol's ideas written in the book seriously.[26]

Factions

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The party had, early on, developed two distinct factions. One, known as Dangrek, was led by veteran rightist radical, and (since 18 March) prime minister, Son Ngoc Thanh and the left-wing academic Hang Thun Hak.[27] The Dangrek faction, named after the mountain range in which Thanh's Khmer Serei guerrillas had been based, attracted those figures who had long been part of the republican and radical opposition to Prince Norodom Sihanouk in the period before the Republic's establishment. The other faction, known as Dangkor, centred on Lon Non and the army.[27] Tension between these two factions would later prove a serious obstacle to stable government. A third faction which is known as Anti-Long Boret faction was led by Pan Sothy?[28]

1972 elections

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The two main opposition parties, the Democratic Party led by In Tam and the Republican Party of Sirik Matak, did not take part in the National Assembly Elections, saying that there were some dubious points in the election law. The Social Republican Party fielded 126 candidates and won all of the seats.[29] The only opposition were 10 candidates fielded by the Pracheachon group, a resurrected socialist party widely believed to have been organised by Lon Non as a token opposition.

In the elections to the Senate, the upper house of legislature, the 'token' opposition to the PSR was provided by a few candidates of the Sangkum, the former party of Sihanouk, who had been deposed as Head of State by Lon Nol in 1970.[30] The Sangkum had been formally dissolved in 1971, but as with the Pracheachon was resurrected by Lon Non to provide the appearance of a multiparty election.[30]

Political infighting

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Thanh's brief period as prime minister ended on 15 October 1972, shortly after an assassination attempt widely believed to have been organised by Lon Non.[10] The PSR's Secretary-General, Hang Thun Hak, was made prime minister in his place, but was to be forced out in early 1973 after a period of increasingly poor outcomes for the Republic in the Cambodian Civil War. After a period in which In Tam served in the post, PSR member Long Boret was made prime minister in late 1973.

Lon Non attempted to strengthen his influence on the PSR, but was forced into exile in September 1973. He returned in 1974 and as late as March 1975 was still attempting to obtain the party's Secretary-Generalship, despite the Republic by this time holding little more than the city of Phnom Penh.

In April 1975, the Socio-Republican Party, along with the rest of the Khmer Republic regime, fell to the Khmer Rouge.[31][32]

Election results

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Presidential election

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Election Candidate Total votes Share of votes
1972 Lon Nol 578,560 54.9%

National Assembly

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Election Party leader Votes Seats Position Government
# % ± # ±
1972 Hang Thun Hak 1,304,207 99.1 Increase99.1
126 / 126
 Increase126 Increase1st Social Republican

Senate

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Election Party leader Votes Seats Position Outcome
# % ± # ±
1972 Saukam Khoy 989,196 95.7 Increase95.7
32 / 40
 Increase32 Increase1st Supermajority

Notable members

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See also

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References

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  1. 1 2 Kiernan, B. How Pol Pot came to power, Yale UP, 2004, p. 348.
  2. ↑ Path, Kosal (2017). Cambodia's Foreign Relations in Regional and Global Contexts. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. p. 15. ISBN 9789924913412.
  3. ↑ Path, Kosal (2017). Cambodia's Foreign Relations in Regional and Global Contexts. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. p. 14. ISBN 9789924913412.
  4. ↑ Path, Kosal (2017). Cambodia's Foreign Relations in Regional and Global Contexts. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. p. 15. ISBN 9789924913412.
  5. ↑ "Language and National Identity in Asia: Cambodia (by Steve Heder) - Lon Nol's Khmer Republic". 10 September 2011.
  6. ↑ Oskar, Weggel (July 2, 1977). "Zwei Jahre "Demokratisches Kambodscha" | APuZ 26/1977". bpb.de.
  7. ↑ "Forced Labor and Collectivization - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". www.ushmm.org.
  8. ↑ "Cambodia - ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS AFTER INDEPENDENCE". countrystudies.us.
  9. ↑ "Cambodian lending-deposit rate spread: the results of non-market influences" (PDF). businessperspectives.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2020.
  10. 1 2 Kiernan, B. How Pol Pot came to power, Yale UP, 2004, p.348
  11. ↑ "Cambodia consulting the stars". New York Times. 22 April 1973.
  12. ↑ Thun, Theara (2025). "Embodied national history: leaders, regime change, and regional historiographical trends of independent Cambodia". Cambridge University Press. 22 (1): 123–140. doi:10.1017/S1479591424000184.
  13. ↑ Thun, Theara (2025). "Embodied national history: leaders, regime change, and regional historiographical trends of independent Cambodia". Theara Thun. 22: 123–140. doi:10.1017/S1479591424000184.
  14. ↑ [12][13]
  15. ↑ "Cultural Renewal in Cambodia". Philippe Peycam. 2020.
  16. ↑ "Challenging Khmer Citizenship: Minorities, the State, and the International Community in Cambodia" (PDF). Stefan Ehrentraut. March 2013.
  17. ↑ Norén-Nilsson, Astrid (27 February 2022). "Liberalism in Cambodia: Broken Lineages". Astrid Norén-Nilsson. 47: 54–68. doi:10.1080/10357823.2022.2041551.
  18. ↑ Oskar, Weggel (July 2, 1977). "Zwei Jahre "Demokratisches Kambodscha" | APuZ 26/1977". bpb.de.
  19. ↑ "Forced Labor and Collectivization - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". www.ushmm.org.
  20. ↑ "Cambodia - ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS AFTER INDEPENDENCE". countrystudies.us.
  21. ↑ "Cambodian lending-deposit rate spread: the results of non-market influences" (PDF). businessperspectives.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2020.
  22. ↑ "Language and National Identity in Asia: Cambodia – Lon Nol's Khmer Republic". Steve Heder and Andrew Simpson. 2007.
  23. ↑ "Cambodia: The Pursuit of Sustainable Economic Development Genuine Savings 1970-2019" (PDF). Lina Madita Philippsen. May 2021.
  24. ↑ "CAMBODIA PRINTS LON NOL THOUGHT". New York Times. 7 January 1973.
  25. ↑ "Lessons learned from the experiences of the Elder of former generations" (PDF). Kaing Guek Eav. 2012.
  26. ↑ "The relational archive of the Khmer Republic (1970–1975): re-visiting the 'coup' and the 'civil war' in Cambodia through written sources" (PDF). Stéphanie Benzaquen-Gautier. 5 November 2021.
  27. 1 2 Corfield, J. The History of Cambodia, ABC-CLIO, 2009, p.78
  28. ↑ "Cabinet formed in Phnom Penh". The New York Times. 17 June 1974.
  29. ↑ Khmer Republic 1972, Inter-Parliamentary Union
  30. 1 2 Corfield, J. Khmers stand up!: a history of the Cambodian government 1970-1975, p.160
  31. ↑ "Part II, p697". www.janda.org.
  32. ↑ "Situation in Indochina Peninsula". www.mofa.go.jp.
  33. ↑ "Cabinet formed in Phnom Penh". The New York Times. 17 June 1974.
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