Nature Notes (720)-Frog populations have been declining worldwide ..nearly one-third of the world’s amphibian species are threatened with extinction.

Image

 

More information can be found at the top of the blog on a separate page, but it really is easy. What are you or have you seen and enjoyed in nature? It can be from your own backyard, the local park, out on a hike or anywhere. What plants and animals catch your interest? Do you garden? Have you read a good book on nature? 

Write a blog post with a photo, a story, a poem, or anything goes because I love to see what Mother Nature is up to in your area. Please submit one blog post per week and link back to Nature Notes in some way.

Last week’s Nature Notes

Image

 

******

Image

Frogs, toads and salamanders were part of my childhood. We spent every summer at a log cabin with a pond and listened to the frog calls at night, caught frogs and red efts. Living near creeks and ponds and protected wetland woods as meant I can still be a child. But things have changed. Amphibians are in decline like insects. Habitat loss and pesticide and herbicide run-off are affecting frogs.

When we moved here I became interested and was happy to join SAVE THE FROGS. I became concerned about lawn spray companies spraying too close to the pond and contact authroties and became involved with a county lawsuit against the largest company. lots of work with little to show for it. Nothing will make people stop spraying their lawns.

The current adminstration has prioritized coal, pesticides, herbicides and a ballroom over human and environmental concerns. Groups have fight for years to have Round-Up removed. Glyphosate and its commercial formulations like Roundup are acutely toxic to amphibians. This is the same chemical that the International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies as “probably carcinogenic to humans.” The same chemical that has generated tens of thousands of cancer lawsuits against Bayer/Monsanto. The same chemical a federal court ruled the EPA improperly approved because it ignored cancer and endangered species risks.

if we don’t care about human health we certainly don’t care about wildlife.

Image

bullfrog

This is from SAVE THE FROGS……PHOTOS ARE MINE

Why Frogs Are Important

Frog populations have been declining worldwide at unprecedented rates, and nearly one-third of the world’s amphibian species are threatened with extinction. Up to 200 species have completely disappeared since 1980, and this is NOT normal: amphibians naturally go extinct at a rate of only about one species every 500 years!!! Amphibian populations are faced with an array of environmental problems, including pollution, infectious diseases, habitat loss, invasive species, climate change, and over-harvesting for the pet and food trades. Unless we act quickly, amphibian species will continue to disappear, resulting in irreversible consequences to the planet’s ecosystems and to humans. Frogs eat mosquitoes; provide us with medical advances; serve as food for birds, fish and monkeys; and their tadpoles filter our drinking water. Plus frogs look and sound cool, and kids love them — so there are lots of reasons to save the frogs!

“When we save the frogs, we’re protecting all our wildlife, all our ecosystems and all humans.” 
— Dr. Kerry Kriger, Founder & Executive Director of SAVE THE FROGS!,

Image

 

Frogs are an integral part of the food web

Tadpoles keep waterways clean by feeding on algae. Adult frogs eat large quantities of insects, including disease vectors that can transmit fatal illnesses to humans (i.e. mosquitoes/malaria). Frogs also serve as an important food source to a diverse array of predators, including dragonflies, fish, snakes, birds, beetles, centipedes and even monkeys. Thus, the disappearance of frog populations disturbs an intricate food web, and results in negative impacts that cascade through the ecosystem.

Frogs are bioindicators

Most frogs require suitable habitat in both the terrestrial and aquatic environments, and have permeable skin that can easily absorb toxic chemicals. These traits make frogs especially susceptible to environmental disturbances, and thus frogs are considered accurate indicators of environmental stress: the health of frogs is thought to be indicative of the health of the biosphere as a whole. Frogs have survived in more or less their current form for 250 million years, having survived countless ice ages, asteroid crashes, and other environmental disturbances, yet now one-third of amphibian species are on the verge of extinction. This should serve as an alarm call to humans that something is drastically wrong in the environment.

Image

Green Frog-Rana clamitans

Frogs are important in medical research that benefits humans

Frogs produce a wide array of skin secretions, many of which have significant potential to improve human health through their use as pharmaceuticals. Approximately 10% of Nobel Prizes in Physiology and Medicine have resulted from investigations that used frogs. When a frog species disappears, so does any promise it holds for improving human health.

group of Russian researchers found over 76 different antimicrobial peptides on the skin of the European Common Brown Frog (Rana temporaria). “These peptides could be potentially useful for the prevention of both pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacterial strains” the scientists concluded.

The Northern Gastric Brooding Frog (Rheobatrachus vitellinus) lived exclusively in the Eungella Range in Queensland, Australia. These amazing frogs could actually shut down their gastric juices while rearing their young inside their stomachs! They therefore held great promise for advances in human medicine, as research on these frogs may have resulted in a cure for peptic ulcers, which affect 25 million people in the United States alone. Unfortunately, the gastric-brooding frogs vanished within a few years of being discovered by scientists. The health of humans and frogs is clearly intertwined.

Image

green frogs

Frogs have every bit as much right to exist as do we

Frogs are an integral part of our existence on this planet and have every bit as much right to exist as do we. Moreover, if we allow one-third of the world’s amphibians to disappear, we set a bad precedent: perhaps future generations will use our irresponsible actions to justify allowing another third of amphibians or a third of the birds or reptiles to disappear. We caused the problem, so it’s our responsibilityand moral duty to make the necessary sacrifices and changes to SAVE THE FROGS!

Image

GRAY TREE FROG

Image

gray tree frog

The last species of Anuran (frog) to breed in New York, from late May into July, is the gray treefrog (Dryophytes versicolor). The species overwinters in forests, where they spend most of their lives. They make their way to wetlands, where males call to attract mates. Females then deposit fertilized eggs on vegetation in the wetland. After breeding they will return to their forested haunts, and can be heard calling periodically throughout the summer.

Patterning and coloration are variable, but they are generally covered in ragged dark blotches over a gray to light green background. Gray treefrogs have a light spot bordered by a dark edge beneath the eye and bright yellow coloration on the inside surface of their thighs. Adults are 1.5-2 inches, and have toe pads that act as a suction cup for climbing.

Their call is an unmistakable, powerful trill that varies in length between individuals. To some, this call may be reminiscent of a raccoon, minus the random chatter. The call is so powerful, that to the human ear the pulse of their trill can be felt reverberating through the bones of the inner ear! Check out this video of a gray treefrog calling.

Nature Notes #703 Cold, Hot or Dry Wildlife Survival

Image

Join Nature Notes from Mondays at 11:00 pm EST  to Friday at 11:00 pm EST.

More information can be found at the top of the blog on a separate page, but it really is easy. What are you or have you seen and enjoyed in nature? It can be from your own backyard, the local park, out on a hike or anywhere. What plants and animals catch your interest? Do you garden? Have you read a good book on nature? 

Write a blog post with a photo, a story, a poem, or anything goes because I love to see what Mother Nature is up to in your area. Please submit one blog post per week and link back to Nature Notes in some way.

Last Week’s Nature Notes Bloggers

Image

*************

Last week was a big birthday as I turned 70 years old. As I write this I can’t believe it as it means that I am a senior, elderly…old…. Funny as you don’t feel that age in your head but can see it on the body. But after last years medical issues and hospitialization I am glad to be back to where I was for the most part.

I think about all the wildlife that is waiting for spring and needed to refresh my memory on the facts as to how they get there…

Types of Deep Sleep in Animals: Torpor, Hibernation, Estivation and Brumation

Various animals get ready for the winter using various strategies. Some birds opt to take flight and find warmer places sometimes in very kong migrations.  Other animals put on layers of warm winter fur and extra fat. Some retreat into burrows in the ground to pass winter in a deep energy-saving sleep known as hibernation or prolonged torpor.

Image

photo cc Wikipedia

 

What is the difference between torpor, hibernation, estivation and brumation? 

In hibernation animals tuck themselves away for the winter and do not emerge until spring, but it is not the only type of “deep sleep” strategy that exists in animals to avoid difficult conditions. In fact, different animals have a range of adaptations that help them to deal with abiotic stress (changes in temperature or precipitation for example) in their environment. One of these strategies is going into a “deep sleep” by slowing down their metabolism and lowering body temperature to conserve energy during certain seasons, or even just different times of the day.

So what are the different strategies for reducing metabolism in order to survive different stresses? The main four and their most basic definition are as follows:

  • Torpor – Physiologically reducing metabolism and body temperature for a period of time. Daily torpor happens every day, usually overnight
  • Hibernation – Prolonged torpor through winter
  • Estivation – Prolonged torpor through hot and dry seasons
  • Brumation – Hypometabolism in ectotherms brought on by the cold (technically not torpor!)

Thermoregulation Strategies 

You have probably heard the terms “warm blooded” and “cold blooded” before, and though these terms can be easier to remember, they are a bit inaccurate Cold blooded” animals rely on external temperatures to control their body temperature, BUT, often their body temperature is not cold at all.

So what should you say instead?

  • Organisms like mammals that control their body temperature using physiology are called Endothermic (“endo” for inside).
  • Organisms like reptiles that use the environment and their behavior to help them control their body temperature are called Ectothermic (“ecto” for outside).

In short, endotherms rely on energy and their metabolism to warm up and cool themselves down. On the other hand ectotherms have to use their behavior, like moving into the sun when they are too cold, or going in the shade or burrowing when they are too hot.

Image

common snapping turtle photo cc ramblingwoods

What is Torpor? 

Sometimes called “cold-lethargy.” torpor is a hypometabolic state (very low metabolism) associated with low body temperature. Torpor is used by endothermic animals to save energy, usually in order to survive harsh conditions – such as cold temperatures or lack of food. Daily torpor is distinct from hibernation and estivation, which are considered prolonged torpor.

Image

chipmunk ramblingwoods

What is Daily Torpor? 

Hummingbirds are a great example of daily torpor in animals, going into this deep sleep state every single night. Hummingbirds have an extremely high metabolism and need to feed every few minutes, so at night they reduce their heart rate and body temperature in order to rest properly.

Image

ruby-throated hummingbird on one of my hummingbird feeders

What is Hibernation? 

Hibernation is a prolonged state of torpor that animals undergo in the cold. Animals that are true hibernators have physiological mechanisms that help them to slow down their heart rate and lower their body temperature for extended periods of time in order to survive long cold winters. Many rodent’s body temperatures reach almost freezing at this time! An amazing example is the arctic ground squirrel, whose body temperature actually goes below freezing. However, the majority of these hibernating animals must still have a food store, waking up every few weeks or so to eat something, and return to hibernate again until they can wake up properly in spring.

Image

hibernate photo cc Tree Hugger

Image

brown-belted bumble bee (Bombus griseocollis)-photo ramblingwoods

What is Estivation?

Estivation is a prolonged state of torpor that animals undergo in the heat or during drought.

The mechanism is really similar to hibernation, where organisms use their physiology to slow their metabolism way down and enter a deep sleep, reducing the need for food and especially for water. This happens in places like deserts of course, but it has also been found in marine habitats, where marine animals go more dormant as water temperature is higher and food availability is low.

One difference here is that for many organisms, the main stressor is the lack of water, not the temperature itself. To help with this many animals have to cover themselves in some kind of mucus and bury themselves away to avoid desiccating. Some frogs and invertebrates like worms will carry out this mucus-y strategy in times out drought. Invertebrates that estivate include land snails, various beetles (ladybugs, weevils), moths, earthworms, and some crustaceans, which enter a state of dormancy during hot, dry periods to conserve energy and avoid dehydration. These animals often burrow into soil or hide in crevices, utilizing mucus cocoons or protective coverings to survive harsh conditions

Torpor is a great strategy for endothermic organisms, but ectotherms that aren’t actually able to change their body temperature physiologically, they need to do something slightly different. Ectotherms version of hibernation is called brumation.

What is Brumation?

Brumation is a, cold-blooded version of hibernation used by ectothermic (cold-blooded) animals—primarily reptiles and amphibians—to survive winter by entering a state of extreme lethargy. These organisms, including snakes, turtles, lizards, and frogs, rely on this, process to endure cold temperatures, low oxygen, and scarce food

These ectotherms simply allow their environment to cool their body down and slow down their metabolism for them. So, there aren’t really many physiological adaptations involved. Unless you get into extreme cases of frogs that freeze almost entirely solid, and have a type of antifreeze in their blood in order to avoid cell death.

Image

Short-headed garter snake

Image

Bullfrog ramblingwoods

 

Nature walks are wonderful. But you don’t have to traveto special location to enjoy Mother Nature. There is so much to see in your own neighborhood or even in your own back or front yard. Get a guide-book of the wildlife in your area and learn the calls of birds and frogs and toads. So many times I hear a bird that lets me know what I am looking for in the trees.

Image
Image

The Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens)

Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens)

Adirondack Amphibians & Reptiles: Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) on the Logger's Loop Trail at the Paul Smith's College VIC (23 May 2012).

Adirondack Amphibians & Reptiles: Juvenile Eastern Newts – usually referred to as Red Efts – are terrestrial. They have bright orange or orange-red skin with two rows of dark-rimmed, yellowish or orange spots on each side of the back.

The Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) is a common salamander of the Adirondack Park. It has a complex life cycle, including an aquatic adult stage and a terrestrial stage when it is known as the Red Eft.

The Eastern Newt is part of the Salamandridae (Salamander) family. It is assigned to the Notophthalmus genus, which is comprised of three species. The only species in the northeast is the Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens).

  • The genus name is from the Greek words “noto” (“mark”) and “ophthalmus” (eye), which may be a reference to the eye spots found on the back and sides.
  • The species name (viridescens) is Latin for “slightly green” – a reference to the greenish color of most adult Eastern Newts.
  • The Eastern Newt is the state amphibian of New Hampshire.

Some authorities recognize four subspecies: Red-spotted Newt (N. v. viridescens), Broken-striped Newt (N. v. dorsalis); Central Newt (N. v. louisianensis); and Peninsula Newt (N. v. piaropicola). Ours is the Red-spotted Newt. Eastern Newt: Identification

Adirondack Amphibians & Reptiles: astern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) in the pond at John Brown Farm (29 June 2018).

 Adult Eastern Newts are two-toned, with a yellowish belly and an olive-green upperside with two rows of red or orange spots on the back. The Eastern Newt has a complex life cycle.
  • The newt begins its life as an egg, deposited singly in submerged vegetation of a pond.
  • The egg hatches within three to five weeks into a brownish-green larva, which uses gills to breathe and lives in water. Larvae do not leave the pond environment where they were hatched. The length of the larval period varies, from about two to five or so months.
  • The juvenile stage is terrestrial and begins when the larva loses its gills, develops lungs to breathe air, transforming into a Red Eft in late summer. This stage lasts two to seven years. During this stage, the Red Eft may wander far from the location where it spent its larval stage.
  • A second metamorphosis occurs when the eft transforms into an adult, which remains in or near a pond for the rest of its life. The adults who live in permanent waterbodies are nearly fully aquatic.

The timing and nature of these stages are quite variable. Although most populations have the four stages described above (aquatic egg, larva, terrestrial juvenile, and aquatic adult), environmental factors, as well as densities, can influence the timing.

Adult Eastern Newts retain the ability to survive on land. In fact, the adults of some populations may spend much of their time on land, leaving their ponds in summer and not returning until the following spring. This pattern is seen among populations where the breeding pools are shallow or seasonal, with adults migrating out of ponds in summer or fall, overwintering on land, and returning to their pond the following spring to breed.

Adirondack Amphibians & Reptiles: Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) on the Heart Lake Trail (28 June 2017).

Adirondack Amphibians & Reptiles: The bright orange color of the Red Eft is designed to advertise this creature’s toxicity to potential predators. Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens)

Juvenile and adult Eastern Newts are quite different in appearance. Juvenile Eastern Newts – usually referred to as Red Efts – are smaller than adults, about one to three inches long. Red Efts, as the name implies, have bright orange or orange-red skin with two rows of dark-rimmed yellowish or orange spots on each side of the back. The bright orange coloration is designed to advertise the eft’s toxicity to potential predators. The skin is rough. The tail is thin and bony.

Adult Eastern Newts are three to five inches long. The tail is finned and comprises about half of the total length. Adults are two-toned. The upperside is usually olive green or brownish with many small black dots and two rows of red or orange spots on the back. The spots may be outlined in black. The throat, belly, and underside of the limbs are yellow. The skin of adult Eastern Newts is soft and smooth. Breeding males develop black patches inside the thigh and on the hind toe tips.

Similar Species: The Spring Salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus) also occurs in the Adirondack Park, although it is less commonly seen than the Eastern Newt. Spring Salamanders have a background color that varies from salmon to brown or reddish, but they lack the rows of distinct, dark-bordered spots of juvenile Eastern Newts (Red Efts).

Eastern Newt: Behavior

Adult Eastern Newts reportedly are active throughout the year, although activity levels probably depend on the severity of the winter. Adults are active throughout the day, foraging as they move about on pond bottoms. Eastern Newts are said to be most active in rainy weather.

Red Eft activity levels are also influenced by weather. Movement and foraging activity correlate closely with rainy weather. The efts move about on the forest floor only when the surface is wet, emerging during heavy showers. They remain active and above ground as long as the surface leaves are wet and disappear as the leaf litter dries. Red Eft activity is also affected by temperature. They are rarely active when the temperatures sink below 50 degrees Fahrenheit.

Eastern Newt: Diet

Adirondack Amphibians & Reptiles: Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) on the Logger's Loop Trail at the Paul Smith's College VIC (7 June 2012).

Adirondack Amphibians & Reptiles: The juvenile form of the Eastern Newt – the Red Eft – feeds on earthworms and arthropods within leaf litter on the forest floor. Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens)
Eastern Newts are carnivores; they carnivorous during all their life history stages. They are opportunistic feeders, who consume whatever is palatable and available at the time.
  • Aquatic larvae are generalist feeders that consume prey in direct proportion to their availability. Eastern Newt larvae feed on insects and their larvae, particularly mayfly, caddisfly, midge, and mosquito larvae. Newly-hatched larvae feed, usually at night, on small invertebrates.
  • The terrestrial Red Eft feeds on earthworms and arthropods found within leaf litter. Their menu includes mites, fly larvae, worms, land snails, and slugs. Most of their prey are found in the upper leaf litter layer, soil surface, or low vegetation. Red Efts sometimes are found congregating around decaying mushrooms, apparently to take advantage of the abundant prey attracted to the mushrooms.
  • Aquatic adults are also opportunistic predators which will eat any palatable prey they can swallow whole. They feed on aquatic insects, worms, small crustaceans, mollusks, spiders, and the eggs and larvae of other amphibians. They help keep mosquito populations in check by feeding on their larvae. They forage both on the surface of the water and the bottom of their ponds. They reportedly locate prey by both visual and chemical cues.

Eastern Newt: Reproduction

The timing and duration of the Eastern Newt’s breeding cycle vary with latitude and climate. Red Efts migrate from terrestrial sites to ponds and streams and become reproductively mature. Those adult Eastern Newts that have overwintered on land return to the breeding ponds, usually migrating on rainy days or nights.

Although Eastern Newt courtship can occur in either late autumn or spring, the female lays her eggs only in spring, with most egg laying occurring in April and May. After elaborate courtship displays, mating occurs with the female picking up the spermatophore deposited by the male. Female Eastern Newts lay up to 300 or 350 eggs, deposited singly (or more rarely in small clusters) on the leaves of aquatic vegetation or other objects on the bottom of the pond or stream. The female wraps each egg in a folded leaf or in other debris on the pond floor.

Eastern Newt: Distribution

Adirondack Amphibians & Reptiles: Eastern Newt. New York State Distribution. New York State Amphibian and Reptile Atlas.

The Eastern Newt is one of the most widely distributed salamanders in North America. Eastern Newts are found throughout the eastern United States, from the Canadian maritime provinces west to the Great Lakes and south to Florida, Texas, Alabama, and Georgia.

Eastern Newts can live for twelve to fifteen years. Mortality is highest during the larval period. Both juvenile and adult Eastern Newts also fall prey to a variety of predators, despite the toxic skin secretions used to deter them. Reptiles known to prey on Eastern Newts include Common Garter Snakes, Snapping Turtles, and Painted Turtles. The Eastern Newt’s main mammalian predator is the Raccoon. The Eastern Newt is also collected for the commercial pet trade, although the impact on its population is not known. In New York State, possession or harvest of native salamanders, including Eastern Newts, is prohibited.

Eastern Newt: Habitat

Adult Eastern Newts inhabit small bodies of fresh water, particularly water with abundant submerged vegetation, including ponds, lakes, deep emergent marshes, and slow-moving rivers. Eastern Newts prefer ponds with dense, submerged vegetation or relatively undisturbed streams, but can also be found in swamps and ditches.

During the juvenile Red Eft stage, this amphibian is found on moist forest floors, typically under leaf litter, brush piles, logs, and stumps. Red Efts occur in forests of any type, but seem to prefer deciduous and mixed forests. They are largely absent from grasslands and other open areas.

the brightly colored Red Efts are usually found on the forest floor on moist days particularly during and after heavy showers on days when the temperature is above 50 degrees. In early spring, Red Efts are observed more frequently near the base of trees and stumps. In late summer and early fall, they sometimes cluster around decaying mushrooms.